大型低品位硬岩锡矿的开发前景

一、前言锡是一种公认的在工业应用方面已达到完备时期的金属;然而,事实上锡已到了衰落阶段。图1表明了1970～1983年锡与其它几种金属的消费关系;其它几种金属与锡相比,其消费增加了11.4～51.5％,而锡的消费减少了7.5％。锡的消费急剧减少,其供给方式不可避免的会发生较大的变化。     

世界硫资源的需求与供给述评

过去10年,世界硫的消费量增长了900万t,1988年的消费量增加到6000万t,年增长率约为1.5％;其中化肥耗硫量为3500万t,非化肥耗硫量为2500万t。全世界用于生产磷酸盐和磷肥的硫占其总消费量的1/2以上;因此,磷肥业控制了硫的生产。据预测,2000年以前世界磷肥需求量的年增长率为2％以上(图1),发展中国家的增长率最高、约为4％,集中计划经济国家略高于世界平均水平,发     

组态视角下协同创新驱动城市土地绿色利用效率提升的路径选择北大核心CSCDCSSCI

创新驱动发展战略下协同技术创新是提升城市土地绿色利用效率的重要手段。在理论层面从环境、投入、产出和互动四个维度构建协同创新影响城市土地绿色利用效率的整合性框架后,以中国284个城市为案例,运用模糊集定性比较分析法探讨协同创新驱动城市土地绿色利用效率提升的多元实现路径。研究表明:①单个协同创新条件的一致性水平位于0.4928~0.8388范围内,表明单个条件均不构成影响城市土地绿色利用效率的必要条件。②条件组合的充分性分析显示,创新环境、创新投入、创新产出和协作互动条件“多重并发",形成协同创新驱动城市土地绿色利用效率提升的4种路径,具体归纳为投入主导型、区域互动支撑下的资本赋能型及环境和投入连接下的主体互动转化型3种差异化模式。③条件因素的普适性和替代性分析显示,经济软环境、人力资本投入和物质资本投入是影响高水平城市土地利用效率最具有普遍性的因素,成果市场化和区域互动之间存在替代关系。④囿于各地区经济发展水平和资源稟赋,中国东、中、西部地区协同创新对城市土地绿色利用效率的驱动路径呈现出显著异质性特征。地方政府应根据自身发展特点和资源禀赋,从组态视角着力于多重协同创新条件的适配以“因地制宜"地制定城市土地绿色高效利用政策和措施。     

西安市文教区表层土壤中PAHs来源及风险分析

文教区土壤环境质量直接影响学生以及职工的身体健康。本研究应用高效液相色谱仪对采集的西安市文教区表层土壤样品中的16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)进行含量检测,分析其组分特征、来源及健康风险。结果表明,西安市文教区表层土壤中∑PAHs含量为0.290~4.147μg/g,平均值为1.515μg/g,7种致癌多环芳烃的含量为0.079~2.093μg/g,均值为0.593μg/g,土壤PAHs污染较为严重。其中4环的高环PAHs为土壤PAHs污染的主要物质,平均占∑PAHs含量的40.72%。源解析结果表明西安市文教区表层土壤中PAHs主要来源于石油燃烧、煤及生物质等的不完全燃烧。终生癌症风险评价表明西安市文教区表层土壤中PAHs污染对其生活在周围的人群产生的终生致癌风险性较小,但71.4%的样点达到严重污染水平,产生的间接影响应引起足够重视。     

Dissolved and Total Copper in a Coal Ash Effluent and Receiving Stream: Assessment of In Situ Biological Effects

An in situ chemical and biological study was conducted in the lower Muskingum River (southeast Ohio, U.S.A.) to evaluate potential effects of copper (Cu) discharged from a coal ash effluent. Effluent total Cu, dissolved Cu, TSS and pH measurements were performed monthly during January-December 1995. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled at five river locations using artificial substrate samplers, and in situ Cu analyses were conducted. Effluent Cu (total) ranged from 8 to 142 microg L(-1) (mean = 58 microg L(-1)), but dissolved Cu never exceeded 78 microg L(-1) (mean = 20 microg L(-1)). The mean ratio of dissolved Cu to total Cu in these samples was 32%. Total Cu concentrations at the biological sampling sites adjacent to the effluent discharge were higher than levels at ambient sites, but dissolved Cu levels were similar among all sites. The macroinvertebrate community proximal to the coal ash effluent had the highest number of taxa and total number of individuals; a high number of mayfly and caddis fly taxa; and the highest Invertebrate Community Index score. The high water velocity of the discharge (which likely contained particulate organic matter) apparently created a favorable microhabitat that, combined with Cu-complexing constituents in the discharge, superceded potential adverse effects of high Cu levels. This study emphasizes the importance of instream biological data when obtained in conjunction with chemical analyses.     

气相色谱法测定大气环境中氯丁二烯

本文提出了大气环境中氯丁二烯的活性炭吸附—洗脱—气相色谱测定方法。采用国产活性炭作吸附剂,用四氯化碳作洗脱液,使用气相色谱测定。方法的最小检出浓度为0.0477mg/m~3,回收率大于90％,变异系数为2.86％。方法适用于大气环境中的氯丁二烯的测定。     

A study on the behaviour of pesticides and their transformation products in the Scheldt estuary using liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry

Off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined with liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS-MS) was used to study the estuarine behaviour of the polar pesticides, atrazine, chloridazon, diuron and metolachlor, and their transformation products (TPs), hydroxyatrazine (HA), desisopropylatrazine (DIA), desethylatrazine (DEA), 3,4-dichlorophenylmethylurea (DPMU) and monuron. The compounds were identified by comparing their LC retention times and product-ion spectra with those of standard solutions. In all but one case the detection limits of the method were sufficient to determine the compounds of interest over the entire salinity range in the estuary. The concentrations of the dissolved pesticides ranged from 70 ng l-1 for chloridazon to 1350 ng l-1 for diuron. The levels of TPs were 3-8% of the levels of their parent pesticide. The mixing plots of polar pesticides and their TPs indicated that TPs, which are present in fresh river water, are conservatively transported to the sea and that no additional amounts of TPs are formed during their transport through the estuary. The one exception was HA, of which approximately 10% of the amount transported to the North Sea is formed in the lower part of the estuary by photochemical oxidation of atrazine. The latter was concluded from the ratios of each analyte over the sum total of the parent pesticide and all TPs along the salinity gradient, which proved to be a useful tool for identifying such estuarine transformations.     

Application of the benthic index of biotic integrity to environmental monitoring in Chesapeake Bay

The Chesapeake Bay benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) was developed to assess benthic community health and environmental quality in Chesapeake Bay. The B-IBI provides Chesapeake Bay monitoring programs with a uniform tool with which to characterize bay-wide benthic community condition and assess the health of the Bay. A probability-based design permits unbiased annual estimates of areal degradation within the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries with quantifiable precision. However, of greatest interest to managers is the identification of problem areas most in need of restoration. Here we apply the B-IBI to benthic data collected in the Bay since 1994 to assess benthic community degradation by Chesapeake Bay Program segment and water depth. We used a new B-IBI classification system that improves the reliability of the estimates of degradation. Estimates were produced for 67 Chesapeake Bay Program segments. Greatest degradation was found in areas that are known to experience hypoxia or show toxic contamination, such as the mesohaline portion of the Potomac River, the Patapsco River, and the Maryland mainstem. Logistic regression models revealed increased probability of degraded benthos with depth for the lower Potomac River, Patapsco River, Nanticoke River, lower York River, and the Maryland mainstem. Our assessment of degradation by segment and water depth provided greater resolution of relative condition than previously available, and helped define the extent of degradation in Chesapeake Bay.     

Flow-injection analysis with fluorescence detection for the determination of trace levels of ammonium in seawater

A method using flow-injection, gas-diffusion, derivatisation and then fluorescent detection has been established for ammonium ion determination in seawater. The fluorescent derivative formed by reacting ortho-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) and sulfite with ammonia gives high sensitivity while removing potential interferences. This is required to measure the low concentrations of ammonium often seen in the open ocean. The experimental conditions (flow-rate, reagent concentrations, membrane configurations, etc.) were manipulated to improve performance. For a sample throughput of 30 samples h(-1), the limit of detection was 7 nM, the coefficient of variation was 5.7% at 800 nM, and the calibration curve was linear to at least 4 micromol L(-1). Interferences were minimised by a gaseous diffusion step. Volatile small molecular-weight amines as interferents were discriminated against by this method. They neither passed through the membrane as efficiently as ammonia, nor reacted as readily with OPA when sulfite was the reductant. Contamination by ammonia from laboratory and shipboard sources complicates application of the method to natural waters, especially measurement of low concentrations (<100 nM) in open-ocean waters. Steps to overcome contamination are described in detail. Some results are presented for ammonium determination in Southern Ocean and Huon Estuary (Tasmania) waters.     

差压式BOD5测定法的评价研究

对BOD5的测压法测定进行了评价,探讨了该法对接种量的特殊要求;比较了含毒物水样不同稀释比BOD5测定的区别,从而验证了该测定法可用以表征毒性物质对微生物活性的影响程度.通过模拟含毒印染废水活性污泥的处理,指出其不同稀释比BOD5值可作为该处理法的设计和运行管理的重要参数.