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1.
When workplace safety depends on behavior change: Topics for behavioral safety research 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Oliver Wirth Author Vitae Sigurdur Oli Sigurdsson Author Vitae 《Journal of Safety Research》2008,39(6):589-598
Introduction
Comprehensive interventions that address public-health concerns invariably include behavior-change strategies. In occupational safety and health, behavioral safety is an approach designed to improve safety performance directly through peer observations of safe behaviors, goal setting, performance feedback, and celebrations or incentives for reaching safety goals. Although the basic components of behavioral safety processes have been studied and widely documented, the current safety literature reveals several gaps in knowledge. These gaps are associated mostly with wide practice variations among the common process elements and uncertainty about the influence of organizational and other external factors.Impact to Industry
A major objective of this paper was to highlight not only key topic areas that warrant further research, but also to propose a list of research questions that are tied to uncertainties about various intervention practices. If only a portion of these topic areas and research questions are addressed through systematic reviews, field interventions, surveys, and laboratory-based studies, then the knowledge gained will significantly improve the delivery and effectiveness of behavioral safety interventions and thus their impact on worker health and safety. 相似文献2.
The seasonal vertical distribution and the predatory regime encountered by Calanus finmarchicus were studied along a transect across the Reykjanes Ridge in the oceanic area southwest of Iceland from data collected during
four cruises between November 1996 and June 1997. The mortality for the overwintering period was estimated using linear regressions
of density estimates from November 1996 to April 1997. In addition, we also estimated the mortality of the oldest population
stages (C4 and older) in April and June by applying the vertical table method. During winter (November/December–January/February),
the animals mainly resided at a depth of ∼300–1,500 m in the water of Atlantic origin. Ascent to upper layers took place mainly
during March and April, and continued until May. During all cruises, continuous deep-scattering layers were observed, mainly
within the range of 400–500 m to 700–800 m depth. Based on sampling with a Harstad pelagic trawl in April, the scattering
was mainly ascribed to jellyfish (mainly Periphylla periphylla), small mesopelagic oceanic fishes (several species but Benthosema glaciale and Maurolicus muelleri were most abundant), euphausiids (mainly Meganyctiphanes norvegica) and shrimps (mainly Sergestes arcticus). These species may represent a predatory threat to overwintering C. finmarchicus. From November to April, daily per capita mortality rates were estimated to be (mean ± 95% CL) 0.004 ± 0.0028 for the total
data set, and 0.004 ± 0.0033 and 0.004 ± 0.0023 (day-1) for the Iceland Basin and Irminger Basin, respectively. Mortality rates were higher later in life (mean ± 95% CL) for C5/females
(0.13 ± 0.044) and C5/males (0.19 ± 0.051) than for C4/C5 (0.00 ± 0.035) when averaged over all samples taken in April and
June 1997. We discuss how the observed distribution and mortality rates of overwintering C. finmarchicus might be related to predatory regime. 相似文献
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4.
Sigurdsson SO Artnak M Needham M Wirth O Silverman K 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2012,18(1):27-33
Musculoskeletal disorders lead to pain and suffering and result in high costs to industry. There is evidence to suggest that whereas conventional ergonomics training programs result in knowledge gains, they may not necessarily translate to changes in behavior. There were 11 participants in an ergonomics training program, and a subsample of participants received a motivational intervention in the form of incentives for correct workstation setup. Training did not yield any changes in ergonomics measures for any participant. Incentives resulted in marked and durable changes in targeted workstation measures. The data suggest that improving worker knowledge about ergonomically correct workstation setup does not necessarily lead to correct workstation setup, and that motivational interventions may be needed to achieve lasting behavior change. 相似文献
5.
Egg production and hatching success of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus was measured during spring and summer in the waters south-west of Iceland. Egg-production rates varied greatly, both temporally and spatially, with highest average rates found at a station with low chlorophyll-a concentrations (0.4 mg m-3). Excluding this high production rate from statistical analysis, the remaining egg-production rates were found to be positively correlated with phytoplankton biomass, as well as with parameters representing healthy phytoplankton condition, food quality and diatom-type fatty acids. Hatching success of eggs was negatively correlated with some saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids related to phytoplankton senescence. 相似文献
6.
Julie Sainmont Astthor Gislason Jan Heuschele Clare N. Webster Peter Sylvander Miao Wang Øystein Varpe 《Marine Biology》2014,161(8):1931-1941
Diel vertical migration (DVM) is a common behavior adopted by zooplankton species. DVM is a prominent adaptation for avoiding visual predation during daylight hours and still being able to feed on surface phytoplankton blooms during night. Here, we report on a DVM study using a Video Plankton Recorder (VPR), a tool that allows mapping of vertical zooplankton distributions with a far greater spatial resolution than conventional zooplankton nets. The study took place over a full day–night cycle in Disko Bay, Greenland, during the peak of the phytoplankton spring bloom. The sampling revealed a large abundance of copepods performing DVM (up during night and down during day). Migration behavior was expressed differently among the abundant groups with either a strong DVM (euphausiids), an absence of DVM (i.e., permanently deep; ostracods) or a marked DVM, driven by strong surface avoidance during the day and more variable depth preferences at night (Calanus spp.). The precise individual depth position provided by the VPR allowed us to conclude that the escape from surface waters during daytime reduces feeding opportunities but also lowers the risk of predation (by reducing the light exposure) and thereby is likely to influence both state (hunger, weight and stage) and survival. The results suggest that the copepods select day and night time habitats with similar light levels (~10?9 μmol photon s?1 m?2). Furthermore, Calanus spp. displayed state-dependent behavior, with DVM most apparent for smaller individuals, and a deeper residence depth for the larger individuals. 相似文献
7.
Vanesa Castán Broto Maya Gislason Melf-Hinrich Ehlers 《Environmental Science & Policy》2009,12(7):922-933
This paper focuses on the practice of interdisciplinary research and its relationship with disciplines within the context of sustainability research. Disciplines are defined as institutions, i.e. conventions, norms or formally sanctioned rules that coordinate human action [Vatn, A., 2005. Institutions and the Environment. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, UK). These institutions coordinate the practice of research. The central claim of this study is that interdisciplinary research occurs at the interplay between disciplinary institutions. These ideas are developed through the analysis of nine qualitative interviews conducted with established researchers who share an interest in studying issues of environmental sustainability. Specifically, this analysis identifies the motives of researchers who engage in interdisciplinary research and discusses the key characteristics of interdisciplinary research practice. The findings suggest that interdisciplinary research practice relies on disciplinary institutions as points of theoretical and methodological reference. Yet, the paper points at tensions that occur between the practice of interdisciplinary research and the practice of more traditional disciplinary research. 相似文献
8.
Albert Robbat Jonathan E. Kenny Sigurdur Smarason Jane Wu Pepper Andrew O. Wright 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》1998,9(1):95-111
This article describes new field-based technologies that support the Dynamic Workplan/Adaptive Sampling and Analysis Program employed to better characterize hazardous waste sites at lower cost. A laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) probe was designed and field-tested with a cone penetrometer (CP) for investigating petroleum contaminants present at under-ground tank farms. The LIF produced real-time quantitative data for naphthalene and semiquantitative results for total petroleum hydrocarbons and diesel range organics. Two different projects are described employing fast gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in the field. A 70-foot heated transfer line and probe were used in combination with a cone penetrometer to thermally extract (TE) subsurface soil-bound semivolatile organics. In the second project, soil samples were collected by a GeoprobeTM and brought to the surface for analysis. The direct measurement TECP data produced semiquantitative results while the more conventional means of collecting and analyzing samples produced risk analysis quality data in the field. A new set of mass spectrometry algorithms provided the technology breakthrough for identifying and quantifying a wide range of Environmental-Protection-Agency-listed target compounds in the presence of high levels of matrix (petroleum) interferents under fast, 7 min/sample, GC conditions. 相似文献
9.
Biology of euphausiids in the subarctic waters north of Iceland 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The seasonal abundance, maturity, spawning, and population dynamics of Thysanoessa inermis (Krøyer, 1846), T. longicaudata (Krøyer, 1846), and Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M. Sars, 1857) were studied in the subarctic waters north of Iceland from February 1993 to February 1994. The material was sampled at approximately monthly intervals along a transect of eight stations extending from 66°16′ to 68°00′N at 18°50′W. Information on temperature and chlorophyll a concentrations is also presented. Spring warming of the water began in March to April and maximum temperatures were recorded in August (3.8?°C). The spring bloom of the phytoplankton started in late March and highest chlorophyll a concentrations were measured during middle to late April (7.0?mg chlorophyll a m?3). T. inermis was the dominant species in the samples, constituting 77% of juvenile, male and female euphausiids present. The greatest abundance of juvenile, male and female T. inermis and M. norvegica was observed during autumn and winter, with lower abundance in spring and summer. T. longicaudata showed only limited changes in seasonal abundance. Male T. inermis had spermatophores in their ejaculatory ducts from February to May, while mature females had spermatophores attached during April and May. T. longicaudata males bore spermatophores from February to July, whereas females only bore spermatophores in April and May. M. norvegica males had spermatophores from February to April, while the single female with spermatophores was caught in February. Euphausiid eggs were first recorded during the latter part of April; the highest numbers of eggs were observed in the samples taken in late May. Maximum numbers of nauplii of both Thysanoessa spp. and M. norvegica were recorded in late May. The main spawning of the euphausiids coincided with the phytoplankton spring bloom. Most male T. inermis took part in breeding at 1 yr of age while most females appeared not to mature until 2 yr of age. T. inermis has a life span of just over 2 yr, T. longicaudata appears to live just over 1 yr. Limited data did not allow the life span of M. norvegica to be determined. 相似文献
10.
Sigurdur Reynir Gislason Domenik Wolff-Boenisch Andri Stefansson Eric H. Oelkers Einar Gunnlaugsson Hólmfridur Sigurdardottir Bergur Sigfusson Wallace S. Broecker Juerg M. Matter Martin Stute Gudni Axelsson Thrainn Fridriksson 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2010,4(3):537-545
In this paper we describe the thermodynamic and kinetic basis for mineral storage of carbon dioxide in basaltic rock, and how this storage can be optimized. Mineral storage is facilitated by the dissolution of CO2 into the aqueous phase. The amount of water required for this dissolution decreases with decreased temperature, decreased salinity, and increased pressure. Experimental and field evidence suggest that the factor limiting the rate of mineral fixation of carbon in silicate rocks is the release rate of divalent cations from silicate minerals and glasses. Ultramafic rocks and basalts, in glassy state, are the most promising rock types for the mineral sequestration of CO2 because of their relatively fast dissolution rate, high concentration of divalent cations, and abundance at the Earth's surface. Admixture of flue gases, such as SO2 and HF, will enhance the dissolution rates of silicate minerals and glasses. Elevated temperature increases dissolution rates but porosity of reactive rock formations decreases rapidly with increasing temperature. Reduced conditions enhance mineral carbonation as reduced iron can precipitate in carbonate minerals. Elevated CO2 partial pressure increases the relative amount of carbonate minerals over other secondary minerals formed. The feasibility to fix CO2 by carbonation in basaltic rocks will be tested in the CarbFix project by: (1) injection of CO2 charged waters into basaltic rocks in SW Iceland, (2) laboratory experiments, (3) studies of natural analogues, and (4) geochemical modelling. 相似文献