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排序方式: 共有71条查询结果,搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
David Jeffrey Gray D.O. Haynes B. Robinson James Malone Richard B. Thomson Jr 《黑龙江环境通报》1992,12(2):111-117
Infections in pregnancy with Ureaplasma urealyticum have been associated with a wide range of adverse outcomes, such as early abortion, stillbirth, prematurity, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Causality has been difficult to demonstrate secondary to the high prevalence of asymptomatic lower genital tract (LGT) colonization and culture data from inaccessible or potentially contaminated sites. Between 1985 and 1989, 2461 second-trimester genetic amniocenteses were evaluated at the cytogenetics section of the Children's Hospital Medical Center of Akron. All were cultured for the genital mycoplasmas: Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. A total of nine patients were positive, all for Ureaplasma urealyticum, with one patient excluded because of subsequent therapeutic abortion. In addition, complete follow-up data, such as indication for amniocentesis, serum alpha-fetoprotein levels, gestational age at parturition, and out- come of pregnancy, were available on 86 Ureaplasma-negative (U –) patients during an approximate 2-year span within the time-frame of the study. This was in part due to physician response to a questionnaire sent after amniocentesis. Of the eight positive cultures, 100 per cent were associated with an adverse outcome, defined as fetal loss or premature delivery. This was significant compared with the U–group (p<0.001) with a more than eight times greater risk of adverse outcome. Six (75 per cent) resulted in spontaneous miscarriage within 4 weeks of amniocentesis and at less than 21 weeks' gestation. Two (25 per cent) delivered prematurely, with one (12.5 per cent) neonatal death at 24+ weeks. Histological examination of all eight placentae and the seven fetuses revealed a 100 per cent incidence of chorioamnionitis and pneumonia, respectively. In addition, in four of the five cases (80 per cent), cultures were positive for Ureaplasma urealyticum in pure culture from either placenta, fetal lung, or both tissues. The remaining case (20 per cent) was negative for aerobes, anaerobes, and mycoplasmas. The study demonstrates a significant association and supports a causal relationship between isolation of Ureaplasma from mid-trimester amniotic fluid with fetal wastage and premature birth. 相似文献
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Norman J. Thomson 《Environmental management》1986,10(5):591-597
The clearing of over 80% of the native vegetation from Australian agricultural areas has contributed significantly to the degradation classification applied to more than half this land. Soil erosion, siltation, and salinity damage continue to increase yearly. This situation not only threatens the productivity of the farm sector but has contributed to the estimated loss of 78 species of native flora, endangerment of an additional 2206 species, and the loss of 20 species of Australia's marsupials.Private returns diverge from social returns because the action (or inaction) of farmers has an impact upon others, both now and in the future. There is justification, therefore, for the public sector to intervene on behalf of society in an attempt to influence private decision making for the social good. This article argues for increased incentives from the public sector in Australia to encourage the voluntary cooperation of farmers to improve the balance between development and conservation. In contrast to the essentially temporary nature of man-made measures such as flood-mitigating capital works, increasing the area set aside to native bushland offers scope for the permanent stewardship of the resource—land. 相似文献
5.
C. Tiyamani V. O. Shanholtz T M. Younos S. J. Thomson 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1994,30(2):335-341
ABSTRACT: A design procedure to determine optimum size for a sediment detention pond is presented. The procedure is based on simulating the sediment removal efficiency of the pond in conjunction with temporal variations in rainfall and potential land use and/or management options. The simulation procedure is based on a combined probabilistic-deterministic modeling approach. The probabilistic model generates daily rainfall with hourly increments for a selected site. The deterministic model simulates sediment yield and concentration for drainage area (pond inflow) and sediment trapping efficiency of the pond. The sediment yield and concentration in pond effluent is estimated from the difference between sediment inflow to the pond and sediment trapped by the pond. As an example, the procedure is applied to determine optimum design for a sediment detention pond in a surface mined area using several pond design options and alternative mining operation/land reclamation strategies. 相似文献
6.
The proximity principle—disposing of waste close to its origin—has been a central value in municipal solid waste (MSW) management
in Japan for the last 30 years and its widespread adoption has helped resolve numerous “Not in My Backyard” issues related
to MSW management. However, MSW management costs have soared, in large part because of aggressive recycling efforts and because
most MSW is incinerated in a country that has scarce landfill capacity. In addition, smaller, less sophisticated incinerators
have been closed because of high dioxin emissions. Rising costs combined with the closure of smaller incinerators have shifted
MSW management policy toward regionalization, which is the sharing of waste management facilities across municipalities. Despite
the increased use of regionalized MSW facilities, the proximity principle remains the central value in Japanese MSW management.
Municipal solid waste management has become increasingly regionalized in the United States, too, but different driving forces
are at work in these two countries. The transition to regionalized MSW management in Japan results from strong governmental
control at all levels, with the central government providing funds and policy direction and prefectures and municipalities
being the primary implementing authorities. By contrast, market forces are a much stronger force with US MSW management, where
local governments—with state government oversight—have primary responsibility for MSW management. We describe recent changes
in Japan’s MSW programs. We examine the connections between MSW facility regionalization, on the one hand, and, on the other
hand, the proximity principle, coordination among local governments, central government control, and financing mechanisms. 相似文献
7.
John Gardiner Ken Thomson Malcolm Newson 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1994,37(1):53-67
Whilst river catchments are axiomatic units to hydrological science, their use as administrative boundaries, even within the water function, is highly dependent upon socio‐political considerations. In moves to accomplish sustainable development, with its emphasis on proactive community procedures, the catchment/basin unit is, however, receiving detailed attention—notably in England/Wales and in Canada. This paper catalogues the patterns and processes of catchment planning on both sides of the Atlantic via case studies in Ontario and southern England (Thames). Conclusions are that scale, tradition (of consultation) and information about land‐use effects on river behaviour are important controls on the rates and styles of implementation. 相似文献
8.
成百上千的活性物质正被用于人药和兽药处方中.由于药物的广泛应用,它们的残留物可通过多种途径进入环境.虽然主要通过尿和粪便的排泄,但是药品生产中的排放也应被考虑.当抗生素用于水产业,就会产生更直接的影响.污水处理设备不能完全除去药物,因此药物会出现在地表和地下水样品中.近年来,人们对环境中药物的兴趣正在增加,需要建立一种快速、灵敏、有选择性的方法来分析水样. 相似文献
9.
Stephen J. Connor Madeleine C. Thomson Stephane P. Flasse & Anita H. Perryman 《Disasters》1998,22(1):39-56
Every year between one and two million African children under five die of malaria. If one adds to this the contribution of malaria to all-cause infant mortality then clearly the burden of the disease is catastrophic — a disaster quietly happening each and every year. New tools are needed urgently to support those currently available for control of the disease. An effective vaccine remains elusive. This article outlines the potential contribution to malaria control services of satellite information, which is being used by resource managers in other sectors. In particular, it highlights the lessons which can be learned from early warning systems in other areas, especially those designed to respond to famine. An appendix provides a brief introduction to satellite data and their interpretation. 相似文献
10.
Thomson AG 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1987,44(3):177-192
Bone fluoride in short-tailed voles (Microtus agrestis) and common shrews (Sorex araneus), the prey of barn owls (Tyto alba), was studied on Anglesey, North Wales. The average fluoride content of M. agrestis skulls obtained from a location 0.9 km from an aluminium reduction plant was significantly greater than that of skulls from another location 22 km from the source of industrial fluoride pollution. At both locations, mean fluoride levels of skulls extracted from owl pellets and those of voles trapped mechanically were broadly similar but important differences existed. Near the aluminium reduction plant, owls caught voles and shrews with a much wider range of fluoride levels than occurred at a single trapping site. However, there was no evidence for selection of heavily fluoridated prey. Within 1 km of the aluminium reduction plant, six trapping sites yielded S. araneus with a fourfold difference between the highest and lowest mean bone fluoride level. 相似文献