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Laboratory degradation studies of bentazone, dichlorprop, MCPA, and propiconazole in Norwegian soils
Laboratory degradation studies were performed in Norwegian soils using two commercial formulations (Tilt and Triagran-P) containing either propiconazole alone or a combination of bentazone, dichlorprop, and MCPA. These soils included a fine sandy loam from Hole and a loam from Kroer, both of which are representative of Norwegian agricultural soils. The third soil was a highly decomposed organic material from the Froland forest. A fourth soil from the Skuterud watershed was used only for propiconazole degradation. After 84 d, less than 0.1% of the initial MCPA concentration remained in all three selected soils. For dichlorprop, the same results were found for the fine sandy loam and the organic-rich soil, but in the loam, 26% of the initial concentration remained. After 84 d, less than 0.1% of the initial concentration of bentazone remained in the organic-rich soil, but in the loam and the fine sandy loam 52 and 69% remained, respectively. Propiconazole was shown to be different from the other pesticides by its persistence. Amounts of initial concentration remaining varied from 40, 70, and 82% in the reference soils after 84 d for the organic-rich soil, fine sandy loam, and loam, respectively. The organic-rich soil showed the highest capacity to decompose all four pesticides. The results from the agricultural soils and the Skuterud watershed showed that the persistence of propiconazole was high. Pesticide degradation was approximated to first-order kinetics. Slow rates of degradation, where more than 50% of the pesticide remained in the soil after the 84-d duration of the experiment, did not fit well with first-order kinetics. 相似文献
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Developing the ethical matrix as a decision support framework: GM fish as a case study 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Matthias Kaiser Kate Millar Erik Thorstensen Sandy Tomkins 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(1):65-80
The Ethical Matrix was developed to help decision-makers explore the ethical issues raised by agri-food biotechnologies. Over
the decade since its inception the Ethical Matrix has been used by a number of organizations and the philosophical basis of
the framework has been discussed and analyzed extensively. The role of tools such as the Ethical Matrix in public policy decision-making
has received increasing attention. In order to further develop the methodological aspects of the Ethical Matrix method, work
was carried out to study the potential role of the Ethical Matrix as a decision support framework. When considering which
frameworks to apply when analyzing the ethical dimensions of the application of agri-food biotechnologies, it is important
to clarify the substantive nature of any prospective framework. In order to further investigate this issue, reflections on
the neologism “ethical soundness” of an ethical framework are presented here. This concept is introduced in order to provide
more structured evaluations of a range of ethical tools, including ethical frameworks such as the Ethical Matrix. As well
as examining the philosophical dimensions of the method, theoretical analysis and literature studies were combined with stakeholder
engagement exercises and consultations in order to review the Ethical Matrix from a user perspective. This work resulted in
the development of an Ethical Matrix Manual, which is intended to act as a guide for potential user groups. 相似文献
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Kate Millar Erik Thorstensen Sandy Tomkins Ben Mepham Matthias Kaiser 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(1):53-63
A number of EU institutions and government committees across Europe have expressed interest in developing methods and decision-support
tools to facilitate consideration of the ethical dimensions of biotechnology assessment. As part of the work conducted in
the EC supported project on ethical tools (Ethical Bio-TA Tools), a number of ethical frameworks with the potential to support
the work of public policy decision-makers has been characterized and evaluated. One of these potential tools is the Delphi
method. The Delphi method was originally developed to assess variables that are intangible and/or shrouded in uncertainty
by drawing on the knowledge and abilities of a diverse group of experts through a form of anonymous and iterative consultation.
The method has hitherto been used by a diversity of practitioners to explore issues such as technology assessment, environmental
planning, and public health measures. From the original (classical) Delphi, a family of Delphi-related processes has emerged.
As a result of the evaluation of the various Delphi processes, it is proposed that the classical method can be further developed
and applied as a form of ethical framework to assist policy-makers. Through a series of exercises and trials, an Ethical Delphi
has been developed as a potential approach for characterizing ethical issues raised by the use of novel biotechnologies. Advantages
and disadvantages of the method are discussed. Further work is needed to develop the procedural aspects of the Ethical Delphi
method and to test its use in different cultural contexts. However, utilizing an ethical framework of this type combines the
advantages of a methodical approach to capture ethical aspects with the democratic virtues of transparency and openness to
criticism. Ethical frameworks such as the Ethical Delphi should contribute to better understanding of and decision-making
on issues that involve decisive ethical dimensions. 相似文献
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