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1.
Hiroshi Yamamoto Yudai Nakamura Yuki Nakamura Chise Kitani Tetsuya Imari Jun Sekizawa Yuji Takao Naoyuki Yamashita Narisato Hirai Shigeto Oda Norihisa Tatarazako 《Environmental sciences》2007,14(4):177-193
Eight pharmaceuticals were selected on the basis of their domestic consumption in Japan, the excretion ratio of the parent compound and the frequency of detection in the aquatic environment or wastewater treatment plant effluent. Toxicity tests on these pharmaceuticals were conducted using Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), daphnia (Daphnia magna), and green algae (Psuedokirchneriella subcapitata). Predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) was calculated using lethal or effect concentration 50 (LC50 or EC50) values and no effect concentration (NOEC) obtained in the toxicity tests for these compounds. Predicted environmental concentration (PEC) was also calculated from annual consumption, the excretion rate of the parent compound, and removal rate in the preliminary batch activated sludge treatment performed in this study. Maximum concentrations found in the aquatic environment or sewage effluent in Japan or foreign countries were also used for another calculation of PEC. Initial risk assessment on the selected pharmaceuticals was performed using the PEC/PNEC ratio. The results of initial risk assessment on the eight selected pharmaceuticals suggest neither urgent nor severe concern for the ecological risk of these compounds, but further study needs to be conducted using chronic toxicity tests, including reproduction inhibition and endocrine disruption assessments. 相似文献
2.
Decomposition of aqueous monofluorophenols (MFPs) was investigated by contact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE). During CGDE, both MFPs and the corresponding total organic carbon (TOC) in water were consumed smoothly, suggesting that carbon atoms of benzene nucleus could be eventually mineralized to inorganic carbon (IC). And all the fluorine atoms in the MFPs were equally converted to fluoride ions. Based on the primary intermediates from each starting materials, it showed that aromatic hydroxylation preferentially occurred at the para- or ortho- position to the phenolic OH group of each MFPs. The disappearance of both MFPs and TOC followed the first-order rate law. The apparent rate constants for the decay of MFPs were independent from the pKa values of MFPs. 相似文献
3.
Yuki Sakai Toshihiro Watanabe Jun Wasaki Takuro Shinano 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(12):3663-3669
The roles of low-molecular-weight thiols (LMWTs), such as glutathione and phytochelatins, in arsenic (As) tolerance and hyperaccumulation in Pteris vittata an As-hyperaccumulator fern remain to be better understood. This study aimed to thoroughly characterize LMWT synthesis in P. vittata to understand the roles played by LMWTs in As tolerance and hyperaccumulation. LMWT synthesis in P. vittata was induced directly by As, and not by As-mediated oxidative stress. Expression of PvECS2, one of the putative genes of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γECS), increases in P. vittata shoots at 48 h after the onset of As exposure, almost corresponding to the increase in the concentrations of γ-glutamylcysteine and glutathione. Furthermore, localization of As showed similar trends to those of LMWTs in fronds at both whole-frond and cellular levels. This study thus indicates the specific contribution of LMWTs to As tolerance in P. vittata. γECS may be responsible for the As-induced enhancement of LMWT synthesis. 相似文献
4.
Dietary patterns and blood levels of PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin-like PCBs in 1656 Japanese individuals
Arisawa K Uemura H Hiyoshi M Kitayama A Takami H Sawachika F Nishioka Y Hasegawa M Tanto M Satoh H Shima M Sumiyoshi Y Morinaga K Kodama K Suzuki T Nagai M 《Chemosphere》2011,82(5):656-662
The association between dietary patterns and blood dioxin levels has not been fully investigated. The present study population consisted of 755 men and 901 women (aged 15-73 years) living in 90 different areas of 30 prefectures of Japan. Dietary habits were assessed by inquiring about the consumption frequency of 28 foods, food groups and beverages. In addition, the blood levels of 29 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (DL-PCBs) congeners were determined by high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The median total toxicity equivalent (TEQ) in the blood, which was calculated on the basis of the toxicity equivalency factors of WHO (2005), was 16 pg TEQ g−1 lipid. Principal component analysis identified five dietary patterns: Healthy diet (high intake of vegetables and fruits); Meat/High fat intake (high intake of meat, meat products, and eggs); Seafood and Alcohol (high intake of fish, shellfish, and alcoholic beverages); Miscellaneous; and Milk products and Alcohol intake (high intake of milk, Milk products, and alcoholic beverages). After adjusting for sex, age, body mass index, and smoking habits, the Seafood and Alcohol pattern scores were significantly related to higher blood levels of total TEQ and PCDDs/PCDFs/DL-PCBs, and the Milk products and Alcohol pattern scores were correlated with higher blood levels of DL-PCBs. More detailed analysis showed that the intake frequencies for alcoholic beverages and seafood were independently and positively associated with total TEQ and the TEQ of PCDFs and DL-PCBs. The association between alcoholic beverage intake and PCDDs was also significant. Analysis of dietary patterns may be useful for identifying the dietary characteristics of individuals with a high dioxin body burden. 相似文献
5.
Iwahana Yuki Ohbuchi Atsushi Koike Yuya Kitano Masaru Nakamura Toshihiro 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2017,19(1):226-234
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The radioactive nuclides in the incinerator fly ashes from municipal solid waste sampled in June 2006 were analyzed with γ-ray spectrometry.... 相似文献
6.
Yuki Kano Toru Sato Jun Kita Shinichiro Hirabayashi Shigeru Tabeta 《International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control》2009,3(5):617-625
A numerical study was conducted to predict pCO2 change in the ocean on a continental shelf by the leakage of CO2, which is originally stored in the aquifer under the seabed, in the case that a large fault connects the CO2 reservoir and the seabed by an earthquake or other diastrophism. The leakage rate was set to be 6.025 × 10−4 kg/m2/sec from 2 m × 100 m fault band, which corresponds to 3800 t-CO2/year, referring to the monitored seepage rate from an existing EOR field. The target space in this study was limited to the ocean above the seabed, the depth of which was 200 or 500 m. The computational domain was idealistically rectangular with the seabed fault-band perpendicular to the uniform flow. The CO2 takes a form of bubbles or droplets, depending on the depth of water, and their behaviour and dissolution were numerically simulated during their rise in seawater flow. The advection–diffusion of dissolved CO2 was also simulated. As a result, it was suggested that the leaked CO2 droplets/bubbles all dissolve in the seawater before spouting up to the atmosphere, and that the increase in pCO2 in the seawater was smaller than 500 μ atm. 相似文献
7.
Zushi Y Ye F Motegi M Nojiri K Hosono S Suzuki T Kosugi Y Yaguchi K Masunaga S 《Chemosphere》2012,88(11):1353-1357
In this study, we analyzed over 30 types of PFCs, including precursors in both the dissolved phase and particle solid phase, in 50 samples of river water collected from throughout the Tokyo Bay basin. PFCs were detected in suspended solids (SSs) at levels ranging from <0.003-4.4 ng L(-1) (0.11-2470 ng g(-1) dry weight). The concentrations of PFCs in the SS were one to two order(s) of magnitude lower than those of PFCs in the dissolved phase. Relatively high levels of PFCs (total of 35 PFCs) in SS were observed in urbanized areas. The concentration of PFCAs, including PFOA and PFNA, were significantly correlated with the geographic index as artificial area (R(2) of the linear regression curve in a double logarithmic plot: 0.09-0.55). Conversely, PFOS and FOSA were significantly correlated with the arterial traffic area (R(2) in a double logarithmic plot: 0.29-0.55). Those spatial trends were similar to the trends in dissolved PFCs. We estimated the loading amount of PFCs into Tokyo Bay from six main rivers and found that more than 90% of the total PFCs reached Tokyo Bay in the dissolved phase. However, 40.0-83.5% of the long chain PFCAs (C12-C15), were transported as particle sorbed PFCs. Rain runoff events might increase the loading amount of PFCs in SS. Overall, the results presented herein indicate that greater attention should be given to PFCs, especially for longer chain PFCs in SS in addition to dissolved PFCs. 相似文献
8.
This work presents a new process for dechlorinating poly-vinyl chloride (PVC) by the use of oyster-shell waste. The process consists of milling of PVC waste with oyster-shell waste, followed by washing the milled sample with water. The milling of PVC and oyster-shell mixture results in size reduction and rupture in bonds, leading to mechanically induced reactions between the two to form CaCl2 and hydrocarbon with C=C bonds. Washing the milled mixtures with water at room temperature allows complete removal of chlorine from the milled sample. More than 95% of chlorine in PVC was removed when 2h grinding is conducted for the mixture. The present process could offer a potential route to the handling and disposal of oyster-shell and PVC wastes. 相似文献
9.
Estimation of 1999-2004 dietary daily intake of PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs by a total diet study in metropolitan Tokyo, Japan 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sasamoto T Ushio F Kikutani N Saitoh Y Yamaki Y Hashimoto T Horii S Nakagawa J Ibe A 《Chemosphere》2006,64(4):634-641
A study of the dietary intake of dioxins, consisting of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dioxin-like PCBs) through foods retailed in the metropolitan Tokyo area from 1999 to 2004 was carried out by the total diet-market basket method on the basis of food classification (14 groups) and the data on food consumption in the Tokyo region obtained from the Japan Nutrition Survey. The daily intake of dioxins per kg of body weight for a 50 kg average adult body was 2.18 pg TEQ/kg/day in 1999, 1.87 pg TEQ/kg/day in 2000, 1.25 pg TEQ/kg/day in 2001, 1.60 pg TEQ/kg/day in 2002 and 2003 and 1.55 pg TEQ/kg/day in 2004, respectively. These amounts were less than the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 4 pg TEQ/kg/day for dioxins established in Japan. The dioxins taken daily through fish and shellfish (group 10) accounted for more than 50% of sum WHO-TEQs. In addition, more than 90% of the daily intake of dioxins was taken through fish and shellfish (group 10), meat and eggs (group 11), milk and dairy products (group 12). Also, this study clearly showed that the ratio of dioxin-like PCBs in the daily intake of dioxins was increasing yearly because the reduction rate of dioxin-like PCBs was lower than that of PCDDs and PCDFs in foods. 相似文献
10.
Body size during larval development is one of the most important attributes of aquatic animals. The optimal size for changing form or habitat may vary according to ecological traits of species, while phylogenetic constraints also play a significant role. The major goal of this study is to reveal the patterns in the settlement size of planktotrophic larvae in an archaic gastropod superorder Neritimorpha. We take advantage of the fact that size at various ontogenetic stages of neritimorphs can be rigorously estimated by measuring features of the adult opercula. This unique feature of neritimorphs has allowed us to generate the largest data set so far on larval settlement sizes within a group of marine invertebrates that recruit into very different post-metamorphic habitats. Eighty-eight species that represent most extant genera from rocky shores, seagrass beds, mangroves, estuaries, streams, submarine caves, deep-sea vents or seeps showed negligible intraspecific variation and considerable interspecific differences in settlement size, particularly between genera or families. Settlement size is determined primarily by phylogenetic constraints, while parallel evolution toward smaller sizes was shown to occur exclusively in four independent clades (two living and two extinct) of amphidromous snails with a marine larval period followed by a limnic adult phase. The smaller settlement size may possibly reduce the risk of being wafted away from the estuaries of their natal streams through less time achieving metamorphic competence, while ability to make occasional long-distance trips is retained by the presence of a sufficiently long delay period. This delay period also seems to obscure the possible correlation between settlement size and geographic distribution range of neritimorph species, both fully marine and amphidromous. 相似文献