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Zaferatos NC 《Environmental management》2006,38(6):896-909
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines environmental justice as the “fair treatment for people of all races,
cultures, and incomes, regarding the development of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.” The last decade has focused
considerable national attention on the environmental pollution inequity that persists among the nation’s poorest communities.
Despite these environmental justice efforts, poor communities continue to face adverse environmental conditions. For the more
than 550 Native American communities, the struggle to attain environmental justice is more than a matter of enforcing national
laws equitably; it is also a matter of a federal trust duty for the protection of Indian lands and natural resources, honoring
a promise that Native American homelands would forever be sustainable. Equally important is the federal promise to assist
tribes in managing their reservation environments under their reserved powers of self-government, an attribute that most distinguishes
tribes from other communities. The PM Northwest, Inc. (PMNW) dumpsite is located within the boundaries of the Swinomish Indian
Reservation in Washington State. Between approximately 1958 and 1970, PMNW contracted with local oil refineries to dispose
of hazardous wastes from their operations at the reservation dumpsite. Almost two decades would pass before the Swinomish
tribe was able to persuade EPA that a cleanup action under Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability
Act (CERCLA) was warranted. This article reviews the enduring struggle to achieve Indian environmental justice in the Swinomish
homeland, a process that was dependent upon the development of the tribe’s political and environmental management capacity
as well as EPA’s eventual acknowledgement that Indian environmental justice is integrally linked to its federal trust responsibility. 相似文献
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