Numerical analysis of the anaerobic co-digestion of the organic fraction from municipal solid waste and wastewater: prediction of the possible performances at Olmeto plant in Perugia (Italy).

Anaerobic digestion is mainly used for sewage sludge stabilization and for treatment of waste that has a high organic content. It also represents a powerful method for obtaining energy by means of natural gas production. Co-digestion particularly combines different organic substrates to generate a homogeneous mixture as input to the anaerobic reactor in order to increase process performance. Reactions kinetics and knowledge of process analysis represent the keys for good planning and correct management. In this paper a model to simulate the main reactions involved in anaerobic co-digestion is presented. The model was created to analyse the possible performance of the treatment plant in Olmeto, Marsciano (Perugia) in Italy. The plant is still in an experimental phase with regard to the co-digestion process and numerical simulations represent a useful tool during development of the correct management procedures for the operational phase and a good methodoly for addressing further pilot plant experiments.     

Macroeconomic effects of the recycling of waste derived from imported non-renewable raw materials

The literature on waste recycling neglects the potential effects that this process can have at the aggregate level, although there are positive externalities which have not emerged in the microeconomic analysis of this phenomenon.This paper investigates the macroeconomic effects of the waste recycling process, with particular reference to a country, such as Italy, which uses many foreign non-renewable resources. We use the Keynesian multiplier theory as a theoretical framework to evaluate the potential results of an increase in waste recycling on the gross national product, the balance of payments and employment. In such a way the policy maker can better evaluate whether to promote the process considered here rather than discharging the waste in the environment.     

气象因子对臭氧的影响及其在空气质量预报中的应用

为提高重庆市臭氧(O_3)预报准确率,利用2013—2015年5—10月O_3监测数据和气象数据,通过主成分分析、逐步回归分析等方法,确定了影响重庆O_3浓度的主要气象因素为最高温度、温差、太阳辐射、降水量、相对湿度、水气压和压差;通过基于O_3污染水平相似的主要气象控制因子筛选和最优组合的预报结果优化方法,提高了O_3预报准确率,使2016年5—8月O_3的AQI类别预报准确率由57.7%增至72.4%,O_3超标的预报准确率由38%增至46%。     

不锈钢板式热沉传热特性的实验与模拟研究

目的 研究流量、胀高及焊点排布方式对不锈钢板式热沉传热特性的影响。方法 搭建实验平台,加工出结构参数不同的板式热沉实验件,同时采用静力隐式算法建立相应的几何模型,通过实验与数值模拟相结合的方法,研究流量、胀高和焊点排布方式的变化对板式热沉热阻的影响规律,并分析热沉流道内部流场状态。结果 首先计算了6个工况下的热阻,发现实际换热量为540 W时,数值模拟与实验结果的最大相对误差不大于25%。然后分析了误差来源,最后得到了热沉全流道速度场与温度场的分布情况。结论 实验与模拟结果有较好的符合程度,证明了数值模拟方法的可靠性。在换热量相同时,板式热沉的热阻随流量与胀高的增大而减小,焊点为菱形排布的热沉传热性能相对更好。板式热沉内部的流场具有周期性,焊点使流体扰动增强,并形成射流和旋涡,起到了强化传热的效果。     

以游泳馆污水为处理对象的SBR中不同污泥负荷下氨氧化菌群落的演变

为了研究污泥负荷对SBR系统内活性污泥微生物中氨氧化菌群落结构的影响,应用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术,对不同污泥负荷条件下SBR处理经投加葡萄糖调节的游泳馆污水的活性污泥中氨氧化菌进行了分析。研究结果表明,氨氧化菌的群落结构在不同污泥负荷条件下变化明显,在有机碳源较低的情况下生长旺盛,随着污泥负荷的提高其DGGE图谱条带数量逐渐减少,亮度逐渐减弱;在高污泥负荷环境下,氨氧化菌受到严重抑制,多样性指数大幅下降,并从系统中消失。SBR系统内氨氧化菌大部分为不可培养的变形菌,最常见的氨氧化菌是β变形菌中的亚硝化螺菌和亚硝化单细胞菌。     

TiO2/UV/O3协同老化对微塑料吸附甲基橙的影响

为了探究协同老化后的微塑料与有机污染物的相互作用机制,以PVC作为研究对象,采用TiO₂/UV/O₃协同老化方式,对比考察了老化前后PVC对甲基橙(MO)的吸附性能。结果表明,随着老化的进行,PVC颗粒表面碎片化加深,粒径明显减小,Zeta电位值降低,并出现了新的含氧官能团。原始PVC对MO的吸附符合准一级动力学模型,而老化后的PVC对MO的吸附符合准二级动力学模型,且主要的吸附模式均为液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散。动力学拟合结果表明老化前的PVC对MO的吸附以物理吸附为主,而老化后的PVC对MO的吸附以化学吸附为主。老化前后的PVC对MO的吸附均符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,表明MO与微塑料之间的相互作用是在非均匀表面上的多层吸附。以上研究结果可为微塑料携带有机污染物在环境中的迁移转化的行为提供参考。     

改性丝瓜络纤维对水体日落黄的吸附特性

采用化学改性的方法将丝瓜络制备为阴离子吸附剂,并将其用于水体日落黄(SY)染料的吸附,分别考察了吸附剂的用量、日落黄染料的初始浓度(C0)、pH值、温度(K)、时间(T)5个因素对吸附效果的影响。通过模拟吸附等温曲线、吸附动力学以及热力学方程并通过比表面积(BET)和红外光谱(FTIR)分析改性丝瓜络吸附染料前后和丝瓜络改性前后的变化情况以此探究其吸附机理。结果表明,pH对吸附效果影响不明显;最大吸附量随温度升高而增大,在298 K温度时最大吸附量达到137 mg/g,是未改性丝瓜络的9.78倍。Langmuir方程拟合吸附过程描述最好,吸附类别为化学吸附。吸附过程符合伪二级动力学,是一个自发和吸热的过程。改性丝瓜络可以有效去除水体中的日落黄染料。     

铅酸蓄电池行业生产者责任延伸制在我国实施的难点和解决方案

为解决我国废弃产品环境污染问题和再生资源循环利用的困境,加快生态文明建设和循环经济发展,国务院现已推行生产者责任延伸制度。该项制度的推行实施,可减轻环境治理负担,推动循环经济和清洁生产模式,促进企业技术升级,但该项制度在具体实施过程中尚存在一些问题。以铅蓄电池行业为例,存在的主要问题包括相关制度不健全、回收利用体系不完善、缺乏多部门联动监管机制和有效的经济激励政策等。针对上述问题,结合河南省的废铅蓄电池收集处理制度试点工作,提出铅酸蓄电池行业生产者责任延伸制实施的建议方案,为生产者责任延伸制度更好地推行和实施提供参考。     

Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2磁性复合材料对水中单宁酸的吸附性能研究

通过简单方法制备出Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2磁性复合材料,并利用XRD、FT-IR、VSM和SEM等手段对其物理化学性质进行了表征,最后对水中单宁酸进行了吸附性能研究.结果表明,所制备复合材料上的氨基基团(N—H的特征吸收峰出现在1549.53cm-1)能够与单宁酸上的酚羟基反应,使—NH2质子化形成NH+3,并利用良好的磁性(42.5emu.g-1)使单宁酸从水中分离去除;对单宁酸的吸附符合Langmuir吸附模型和拟二级吸附动力学方程;在pH=6时,基于氢键和静电吸附的协同作用,吸附能力达到最强,为85.18mg.g-1(吸附温度为25℃,吸附时间为60min).研究证实,Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2磁性复合材料与Fe3O4@SiO2和SiO2相比,对单宁酸有更好的吸附性能,同时通过外磁场可以达到固液分离的效果.     

Determination of ammonium on an integrated microchip with LED-induced fluorescence detection

A simply fabricated microfluidic device integrated with a fluorescence detection system has been developed for on-line determination of ammonium in aqueous samples. A 365-nm light-emitting diode (LED) as an excitation source and a minor band pass filter were mounted into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microchip for the purpose of miniaturization of the entire analytical system. The ammonium sample reacted with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) on-chip with sodium sulfite as reducing reagent to produce a fluorescent isoindole derivative, which can emit fluorescence signal at about 425 nm when excited at 365 nm. Effects of pH, flow rate of solutions, concentrations of OPA-reagent, phosphate and sulfite salt were investigated. The calibration curve of ammonium in the range of 0.018-1.8 μupg/mL showed a good linear relationship with R² = 0.9985, and the detection limit was (S/N = 3) 3.6 × 10^-4 μupg/mL. The relative standard deviation was 2.8% (n = 11) by calculating at 0.18 μupg/mL ammonium for repeated detection. The system was applied to determine the ammonium concentration in rain and river waters, even extent to other analytes fluorescence detection by the presented device.