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Andrea?AmicarelliEmail author Giovanni?Leuzzi Paolo?Monti Stefano?Alessandrini Enrico?Ferrero 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2017,17(4):715-753
Several reaction schemes, based on the conserved scalar theory, are implemented within a stochastic Lagrangian micromixing model to simulate the dispersion of reactive scalars in turbulent flows. In particular, the formulation of the reaction-dominated limit (RDL) reaction scheme is here extended to improve the model performance under non-homogeneous conditions (NHRDL scheme). The validation of the stochastic model is obtained by comparison with the available measurements of reactive pollutant concentrations in a grid-generated turbulent flow. This test case describes the dispersion of two atmospheric reactant species (NO and O3) and their reaction product (NO2) in an unbounded turbulent flow. Model inter-comparisons are also assessed, by considering the results of state-of-the-art models for pollutant dispersion. The present validation shows that RDL reaction scheme provides a systematic overestimation (relative error of ca. 85% around the centreline) in computing the local reactant consumption/production rate, whereas the NHRDL scheme drastically reduces this gap (relative error lower than 5% around the centreline). In terms of NO2 production (or reactant consumption), neglecting concentration fluctuations determines overestimations of the product mean of around 100% and a NO2 local production of one order of magnitude higher than the reference simulation. In terms of standard deviations, the concentration fluctuations of both the passive and reactive scalars are generally of the same order of magnitude or up to 1 or 2 orders of magnitudes higher than the corresponding ensemble mean values, except for the background reactant close to the plume edges. The study highlights the importance of modelling pollutant reactions depending on the instantaneous instead of the mean concentrations of the reactants, thus quantifying the role of the turbulent fluctuations of concentration, in terms of scalar statistics (mean, standard deviation, intensity of fluctuations, skewness and kurtosis of concentration, segregation coefficient, simulated reaction rate). This stochastic particle method represents an efficient numerical technique to solve the convection–diffusion equation for reactive scalars and involves several application fields: micro-scale air quality (urban and street-canyon scales), accidental releases, impact of odours, water quality and fluid flow industrial processes (e.g. combustion). 相似文献
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Several multicriteria evaluation techniques have been developed since the 1970s. The need to compare different territorial
policies has justified their introduction into environmental research. These methods are based on the numerical manipulation
of heterogeneous information, which varies in terms of reference scale and type of measure (continuous, ordinal, qualitative,
binary, etc.).
During recent years, diverse investigations have focused on general conditions on Salina, the “green island” of the Aeolian
archipelago. Such studies, within an interdisciplinary project, aimed to explore the possibility of implementing conservation
strategies that are compatible with human needs, landscape preservation, and sustainable economic development.
Three different evaluation techniques are applied, namely multicriteria weighted concordance and discordance analysis and
a qualitative procedure. They are used to compare four alternative plans for the socioeconomic development of Salina Island.
These plans lie between extreme alternatives: total protection of natural resources and maximizing economic development based
on tourism. The plans are compared to each other on the basis of 14 criteria that reflect the socioenvironmental perception
of Salina's inhabitants.
The approach used in this research seems particularly fruitful because of its flexibility: it offers decision makers the chance
to manage heterogeneous data and information that is not easily quantifiable. Such “soft” information helps to evaluate environmental
conditions more precisely, and to make a less damaging choice among alternative development plans. 相似文献
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Conan C Bouraoui F Turpin N de Marsily G Bidoglio G 《Journal of environmental quality》2003,32(6):2026-2032
In the intensive pig-farming (Sus scrofa) area of Brittany (western France), many surface and subsurface water resources are contaminated by nitrate (NO3) with concentrations that chronically exceed the European Community 50 mg L(-1) drinking standard. To ensure sustainable water supply, the fate of NO3 must be considered in both surface water and ground water. The fate of N was investigated in a Britain catchment, the Co?t-Dan watershed, with an integrated management tool: the hydrological SWAT model coupled with the ground water model MODFLOW, and its companion contaminant and solute transport model MT3DMS. The model was validated with respect to water quantity during a 6-yr period and for the NO3 concentration during a 44-mo period, at two gauging stations in the catchment. The coupled models reproduced accurately the measurements. At the basin outlet, the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients were 0.88 for monthly flow for the entire period and 0.87 for monthly N load. Alternative scenarios were simulated and showed potential benefits of decreasing manure application from 210 to 170 kg N ha(-1) as required by the European Commission Nitrates Directive. 相似文献
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Extension of EU Emissions Trading Scheme to Other Sectors and Gases: Consequences for Uncertainty of Total Tradable Amount 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Emissions trading in the European Union (EU), covering the least uncertain emission sources of greenhouse gas emission inventories
(CO2 from combustion and selected industrial processes in large installations), began in 2005. During the first commitment period
of the Kyoto Protocol (2008–2012), the emissions trading between Parties to the Protocol will cover all greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6) and sectors (energy, industry, agriculture, waste, and selected land-use activities) included in the Protocol. In this paper,
we estimate the uncertainties in different emissions trading schemes based on uncertainties in corresponding inventories.
According to the results, uncertainty in emissions from the EU15 and the EU25 included in the first phase of the EU emissions
trading scheme (2005–2007) is ±3% (at 95% confidence interval relative to the mean value). If the trading were extended to
CH4 and N2O, in addition to CO2, but no new emissions sectors were included, the tradable amount of emissions would increase by only 2% and the uncertainty
in the emissions would range from −4 to +8%. Finally, uncertainty in emissions included in emissions trading under the Kyoto
Protocol was estimated to vary from −6 to +21%. Inclusion of removals from forest-related activities under the Kyoto Protocol
did not notably affect uncertainty, as the volume of these removals is estimated to be small. 相似文献
8.
Di Bernardino Annalisa Monti Paolo Leuzzi Giovanni Querzoli Giorgio 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2020,20(4):987-1005
Environmental Fluid Mechanics - We present results from water-channel experiments on neutrally-stable turbulent flows over staggered arrays of cubical obstacles modelling idealised urban canopies.... 相似文献
9.
Loos R Gawlik BM Locoro G Rimaviciute E Contini S Bidoglio G 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(2):561-568
This study provides the first EU-wide reconnaissance of the occurrence of polar organic persistent pollutants in European river waters. More than 100 individual water samples from over 100 European rivers from 27 European Countries were analysed for 35 selected compounds, comprising pharmaceuticals, pesticides, PFOS, PFOA, benzotriazoles, hormones, and endocrine disrupters. Around 40 laboratories participated in this sampling exercise. The most frequently and at the highest concentration levels detected compounds were benzotriazole, caffeine, carbamazepine, tolyltriazole, and nonylphenoxy acetic acid (NPE1C). Only about 10% of the river water samples analysed could be classified as “very clean” in terms of chemical pollution. The rivers responsible for the major aqueous emissions of PFOS and PFOA from the European Continent could be identified. For the target compounds chosen, we are proposing “indicative warning levels” in surface waters, which are (for most compounds) close to the 90th percentile of all water samples analysed. 相似文献
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Giovanni Bella 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2013,18(6):629-638
The model presented in this paper describes an economy with endogenous technical change and polluting production techniques. The main question we want to address is whether the adoption of “dirty” production processes might lead to a sustainable unique steady state, or guarantee the emergence of multiple equilibria. The application of the original Bogdanov–Takens theorem allows us to characterize the regions of the parametric space where the model exhibits either a global indeterminate equilibrium or a poverty-environment trap. 相似文献