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Anne Ingeborg Myhr Terje Traavik 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2003,16(3):227-247
Risk governance of GM plants and GMfood products is presently subject to heatedscientific and public controversies. Scientistsand representatives of the biotechnologyindustry have dominated debates concerningsafety issues. The public is suspicious withregard to the motives of scientists, companies,and political institutions involved. Thedilemmas posed are nested, embracing valuequestions, scientific uncertainty, andcontextual issues. The obvious lack of data andinsufficient information concerning ecologicaleffects call for application of thePrecautionary Principle (PP). There are,however, divergent opinions among scientistsabout the relevance of putative hazards,definition of potential ``adverse effects,' andwhether actions should be taken to preventharm. The reliance on the concept ofsubstantial equivalence in safety evaluation ofGM food is equally controversial. Consequently,value assumptions embedded in a scientificframework may be a barrier for employment ofthe PP. One of our major conclusions is thatprecautionary GMP usage requires riskassessment criteria yet undeveloped, as well asbroader and more long-term conceptions of risk,uncertainty, and ignorance. Conflicts ofinterest and public participation are otherissues that need to be taken intoconsideration. GMP governance regimes that arejustifiable from a precautionary and ethicalpoint of view must transcend traditionalscientific boundaries to include alternativescientific perspectives as well as publicinvolvement. 相似文献
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Anne Ingeborg Myhr Terje Traavik 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2003,16(4):315-316
Editorial Introduction
From the editors 相似文献6.
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Ingeborg L. A. Boxman 《Food and environmental virology》2010,2(3):156-166
Different sources were consulted to obtain information on the occurrence of viruses in bivalve molluscs on the European market.
Twenty-six peer-reviewed articles were identified reporting on the molecular detection of viral RNA in 4,260 samples in total.
The data obtained will be presented geographically on virus types detected, the origin and treatment of the shellfish, and
the detection technique applied. The data demonstrate that viral RNA can be detected in shellfish from polluted areas, in
depurated shellfish as well as those for human consumption. The European Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) database
was consulted as another source. Twenty-eight notifications were identified on the presence of hepatitis A virus or norovirus
in shellfish on the European market. The most recent report of the European laboratory network was referred to, to gain insight
into the laboratory capability at present for the analyses of shellfish on the presence of viruses. Approximately 67% of 27
participating laboratories obtained intended results for all samples, consisting of lenticules loaded with 103 copies norovirus (genogroup I (GGI) and/or genogroup II (GGII)) and/or 1 × 105–8 × 104 copies of hepatitis A virus. From 1993, there has been a continuous development of molecular detection techniques and tools
have been described to ensure quality assurance. End product testing will, however, not be achievable. As depuration has been
shown not to be effective for the complete elimination of viruses, shellfish should not be in contact with faecal contaminated
water in order to minimise the risk of shellfish-transmittable viral diseases. 相似文献
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Jeroen van der Heijden Ernst ten Heuvelhof Bertien Broekhans Sonja van der Arend Ellen van Bueren Casper Harteveld 《Local Environment》2013,18(3):318-333
The European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) has provided the European Member States with a range of interacting governance challenges. This article studies three of these (the need for new administrative arrangements, public participation, and the enforced strict time frame). It questions how these interacting governance challenges were addressed in implementing the WFD in the Netherlands – a particularly interesting country since the European Commission assesses its implementation process in relatively positive terms, while an in-depth study reported on in this article tells a contrasting story. Based on this study, the article concludes that especially the interaction effects between the governance challenges may help us to better understand the outcome of the WFD-implementation process, and to provide more suitable advice as to how to improve the implementation process in future rounds. 相似文献
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