汉江流域水污染现状及污染源调查

评价了汉江流域水质污染现状：汉江流域干流水质好于支流,从上游至下游污染状况逐渐上升,主要污染物为COD、TP、NH3-N,污染特征为有机污染型。对汉江流域污染源进行了调查：汉江流域面源污染大于点源,排放负荷较大的是农业地表径流、城镇生活污水、畜禽养殖。     

Use of historical and contemporary distribution of mammals in China to inform conservation

A systematic understanding of dynamic animal extinction trajectories for different regions in a nation like China is critically important to developing practical conservation strategies. We explored historical and contemporary changes in terrestrial mammalian diversity to determine how diversity in each of the 5 regions in China has changed over time and to examine the conservation potential of these regions. We used records from databases on Pleistocene mammalian fossils and historical distribution records (1175–2020) for Primates (as a case study) to reconstruct evolutionary and historical distribution trajectories of the 11 orders of terrestrial mammals and to predict their prospective survival based on the national conservation strategy applied. The results indicated that since the Pleistocene, 4–5 mammalian orders have been lost in the northeast, 3 in central China, 2 along the coast, and 1 in the northwest. In the southwest, all 11 orders were maintained. Contemporarily, the coast and southwest had the highest and second-highest species densities. The southwest region and southeastern sections of the northwest region were the most historically and contemporarily diverse areas, which suggests that they should be the first priority for protected area (PA) designation. The central and coastal areas should be secondarily prioritized. In these 2 regions, conservation should focus on human coexistence with nature. Less attention should be paid to the PA in the northeast and western northwest because in these areas ecosystems are depauperate and the climate is harsh. Conservation in these areas should focus principally on avoiding further human encroachment on natural areas. Article impact statement: Historical and contemporary patterns of extinction can be a basis for mammalian conservation strategies.     

Profile of Methane Concentrations in Soil and Atmosphere in Alpine Steppe Ecosystem on Tibetan Plateau

The methane concentration profile from -1.5m depth in soil to 32m height in air was measured in alpine steppe located in the permafrost area. Methane concentrations showed widely variations both in air and in soil during the study period. The mean concentrations in atmosphere were all higher than those in soil, and the highest methane concentration was found in air at the height of 16m with the lowest concentration occurring at the depth of 1.5m in soil. The variations of atmospheric methane concentrations did not show any clear pattern both temporally and spatially, although they exhibited a more steadystable state than those in soil. During the seasonal variations, the methane concentrations at different depths in soil were significantly correlated （R^2〉0.6） with each other comparing to the weak correlations （R^2〈0.2） between the atmospheric concentra- tions at different heights. Mean methane concentrations in soil significantly decreased with depth. This was the compositive influence of the decreasing production rates and the increasing methane oxidation rates, which was caused by the descent soil moisture with depth. Although the methane concentrations at all depths varied widely during the growing season, they showed very distinct temporal variations in the non-growing season. It was indicated from the literatures that methane oxidation rates were positively correlated with soil temperature. The higher methane concentrations in soil during the winter were determined by the lower methane oxidation rates with decreasing soil temperatures, whereas methane production rates had no reaction to the lower temperature. Relations between methane contribution and other environmental factors were not discussed in this paper for lacking of data, which impulse us to carry out further and more detailed studies in this unique area.     

绿狐尾藻分解及其氮磷释放特征

湿地植物分解释放的有机物、氮和磷等会影响人工湿地对水体污染物的去除效率和出水水质.本研究采用尼龙分解袋法研究绿狐尾藻在水中的分解过程及氮磷释放特征.连续60 d的室内分解实验结果表明,前期(0～4 d)绿狐尾藻干物质质量损失速率快,占初始质量的30%,中后期(4～60 d)损失速率减慢,占31%.拟合的一级动力学分解速率常数为0. 014 2d-1,降解50%的干物质需48. 8 d.水体p H值变化情况:0～4 d从7. 60迅速下降到5. 63;中期趋于稳定;后期p H值回升到7. 03,与空白对照值接近.绿狐尾藻分解实验系统中溶解氧浓度从6. 30 mg·L~(-1)在1 d内快速下降到0. 61 mg·L~(-1),表明该系统一直处于厌氧状态.水中总氮浓度0～2 h迅速增加达到12. 7 mg·L~(-1),2 h～32 d逐渐降低到5. 80 mg·L~(-1),后期略有增加;总磷浓度初期快速升高到18. 4 mg·L~(-1),中后期趋于稳定.有机氮(占总氮65. 7%～94. 7%)和无机磷(占总磷61%～89%)是主要的氮磷存在形态.绿狐尾藻体内总氮含量随分解时间逐渐增加,从24. 3 mg·g~(-1)上升到60. 5 mg·g~(-1);而总磷含量从6. 09 mg·g~(-1)下降到2. 94 mg·g~(-1)后波动稳定,这可能与附着微生物对氮的吸收和固定等因素有关.本研究证实绿狐尾藻分解过程释放的氮磷营养元素会引起水体二次污染,为此采用合理的植物收割管理措施非常必要.     

MoS2/BiOI复合光催化剂制备及其光催化氧化还原性能

通过两步法合成花状MoS_2/BiOI复合光催化剂,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、紫外可见漫反射(UVVis)、光电子能谱(XPS)等方法对合成的样品进行了表征,对其可能的形成机制进行探究,通过电化学表征计算出BiOI与MoS_2的价带与导带位置,显示复合材料形成了1型异质结.同时以罗丹明B(RhB)与含Cr6+溶液作为目标污染物测试光催化剂的氧化还原性能,相比于BiOI和MoS_2单体,MoS_2/BiOI复合光催化剂表现出更强的光催化氧化与还原能力,其中以质量分数为2%的MoS_2与BiOI复合光催化剂效果最佳,可见光照20 min后RhB降解率达到98.92%,80 min后Cr6+溶液光催化还原率可达到97.87%,较纯BiOI分别提高了1.79倍与3.85倍,且经过4次重复利用后仍具有较高的光催化活性.光催化降解Rh B过程中空穴(h+)与超氧自由基(·O-2)作为主要活性物种,其中空穴影响更为显著.     

生态工程综合治理系统对农业小流域氮磷污染的治理效应

以典型农业小流域——开慧河流域源区为研究对象,基于研究区农业面源污染的主要排放特征,建立以生态湿地为主的小流域面源污染生态工程综合治理系统,重点探讨其对水体氮磷污染物的去除效果.结果表明,畜禽养殖业是开慧河流域源区水体氮磷污染物的主要来源,需要重点防控.组合生态湿地处理工程对农村分散式生活与养殖混合废水总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的平均去除率为87. 1%和90. 9%;多级人工湿地拦截工程对农田排水与分散式养殖混合废水TN、TP的平均去除率为85. 7%和84. 9%;景观型生态湿地净化工程对末端汇水区水体中TN、TP的去除率在27. 1%～67. 4%和13. 3%～81. 5%之间.整个生态工程综合治理系统对流域TN和TP污染物的总拦截量分别为5 292 kg·a~(-1)和1 054 kg·a~(-1),占研究区农业面源TN、TP总污染负荷的35. 3%和43. 6%.因此,构建的生态工程综合治理系统对流域农业面源氮磷污染具有较好的治理效应,适合在我国南方小流域水环境治理中推广应用.     

Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer

The real-time detection of the mixing states of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs in ambient particles is of great significance for analyzing the source, aging process, and health effects of PAHs and nitro-PAHs; yet there is still few effective technology to achieve this type of detection. In this study, 11 types of PAH and nitro-PAH standard samples were analyzed using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HP-SPAMS) in lab studies. The identification principles ‘parent ions’ and ‘mass-to-charge (m/z) = 77’ of each compound were obtained in this study. It was found that different laser energies did not affect the identification of the parent ions. The comparative experiments of ambient atmospheric particles, cooking and biomass burning emitted particles with and without the addition of PAHs were conducted and ruled out the interferences from primary and secondary organics on the identification of PAHs. Besides, the reliability of the characteristic ions extraction method was evaluated through the comparative study of similarity algorithm and deep learning algorithm. In addition, the real PAH-containing particles from vehicle exhaust emissions and ambient particles were also analyzed. This study improves the ability of single particle mass spectrometry technology to detect PAHs and nitro-PAHs, and HP-SPAMS was superior to SPAMS for detecting single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs. This study provides support for subsequent ambient observations to identify the characteristic spectrum of single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs.     

V2O5/CeO2催化剂用于低温NH3-SCR的性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了系列V2O5/CeO2催化剂,用于低温NH3选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)NO.同时,考察了催化剂中V2O5负载量和煅烧温度对催化活性的影响,并运用SEM,BET和XRD物理化学技术对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,V2O5/CeO2催化剂对模拟烟气中的NO转化呈现出较高的活性,但是V2O5负载量和催化剂的催化活性并不呈线性递增的关系.当V2O5负载量超过10%时,催化剂的催化活性开始下降.随着煅烧温度的升高,由于钒酸铈的生成,催化剂的催化活性下降.400℃为最佳煅烧温度.     

生物酶技术在农药残留快速检测中的应用进展

综述了生物酶法快速检测有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的某些理论与技术问题。该技术是现代生物学技术同农业环境监测技术相结合的产物。并介绍了国内外关于农药残留快速测定的方法和研究状况，在快速和现场测定等方面有着巨大的潜力，是一种极具前景的快速检测技术。     

稻、土及田水中锐劲特残留量分析方法

建立了新型杀虫剂锐劲特及其代谢物在水稻、土壤、田水中的气相色谱毛细管柱残留分析方法。该方法对锐劲特及其代谢物MB46513、MB45950、MB46136、RPA200766等，在水稻中的最低检出浓度依次为：0.002,0.001,0.001,0.004,0.01mg/kg；在土壤中这几种组分最低检出浓度为水稻中的1／3；在田水中最低检出浓度为水稻中的1／25。加标回收率83.4%-97.7%。变异系数1.86%-7.07%。