青年决定环保公众参与的未来

环境问题的产生很大程度上是过度消费导致的。青年是社会的未来。青年能否 转换消费观念,树立绿色消费模式,积极投身保护环境,直接决定了未来社会 的发展。     

The role of socio-economic data in food needs assessment and monitoring

This paper reviews six case studies examined as part of a project to review targetting methodologies employed by non-government organisations in Africa during the 1984-6 food crisis. Most agencies have not yet fully evaluated the role of data in informing policy decisions during their respective emergency programmes. The case studies presented reflect a wide variety of approaches to targetting emergency food aid that are based largely on the use of 'socio-economic' data. The recent emergency relief operations in Africa seem to indicate a change in relief agencies' approaches to the assessment and monitoring of needs of the affected populations. Earlier dependance on nutritional data has given way to an increasing reliance on the use of socio-economic indicators. There was a wide variation in the case studies of the type of indicators collected and utilised in needs assessment and monitoring. There were those who relied almost exclusively on nutritional data to target resources during the 1984-86 African crisis, and others whose experiences during that period lead them to attach more weight to socio-economic data. Other agencies appear to have recognised the problems of relying solely on nutritional data to target food aid during their 1984–86 emergency programmes, and thus more or less abandoned classical anthropometric surveys in their needs assessment and monitoring methodologies during this period. Thus nutritional data has a less significant role in the decision making process than previously had been the case.     

Factors affecting trace-metal bioaccumulation in Finnish headwater lakes

Fourteen unpolluted Finnish headwater lakes with pH values varying from 4.8 to 7.0 were studied for trace-metal concentrations in water, sediment, aquatic plants (Nuphar luteum L., Sparganium sp.), aquatic insect larvae (Limnophilus sp., Phryganea sp.) and fish (Esox lucius L., Perca fluviatilis L., Coregonus sp., Salvelinus fontinalis L., Salmo trutta L.). Trace-metal deposition was estimated by analysing the snowpack. Non-parametric correlation analysis was carried out between trace metal concentrations in biota and pH, ANC, TOC, CA + Mg concentration in water and a given metal concentration in water and sediment. Bioaccumulation of several trace metals increased with increasing acidity and decreasing ANC in water. This was especially true for Pb and Cd. Aquatic plants were, in general, the best indicator group concerning differences in trace-metal bioaccumulation in lakes with different acidity. There was some evidence that a higher concentration of TOC in water may reduce bioaccumulation of Pb, Cd and Zn in aquatic plants and fish. The copper concentration in sediment was the only background variable explaining Cu concentration in aquatic insects. Multivariate analysis of the whole background data gave comparable preliminary results. Over 80% of the trace metal concentrations in biota of different lakes was explained by the background variables. In general, elevated concentrations of most of these trace metals can be expected to occur in the biota of acidified low calcareous lakes.     

Summary of environment-related research areas developed in the frame of the 5th Framework Programme of the European Commission

Following the decision of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 December 1998, The European Commission has launched its Fifth Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration (RTD) which will run from 1999 to 2002. The activities will be carried out in the frame of four thematic programmes and three horizontal ones. The first calls for proposals were published in March 1999. Detailed information on the work programme of each activity is available through the Internet at the following address http://www.cordis.lu/fp5 and through direct contact with the programme's help-desks. The present summary gives an outline of environment-related research activities covered by 5th FWP.     

Accuracy and traceability in environmental monitoring--pitfalls in methylmercury determinations as a case study

The concepts of accuracy and traceability as applied to environmental analysis are still prone to misunderstandings. While accuracy refers to the closeness of analytical values to "true values" (trueness) and among various repetitions (precision), the term traceability implies a link of data obtained to established references through an unbroken chain of comparisons all with stated uncertainties. These misunderstandings, possibly occurring among the analytical community, may have consequences on environmental data interpretation. Recent discussions in the field of environmental speciation analysis illustrated that accuracy and traceability issues are still not firmly established within the environmental chemistry community. This paper discusses this issue, taking methylmercury as a case study.     

Characterization of microbial communities from coastal waters using microarrays

Molecular methods, including DNA probes, were used to identify and enumerate pathogenic Vibrio species in the Chesapeake Bay; our data indicated that Vibrio vulnificus exhibits seasonal fluctuations in number. Our work included a characterization of total microbial communities from the Bay; development of microarrays that identify and quantify the diversity of those communities; and observation of temporal changes in those communities. To identify members of the microbial community, we amplified the 16S rDNA gene from community DNA isolated from a biofilm sample collected from the Chesapeake Bay in February, 2000. The resultant 75 sequences were 95% or more similar to 7 species including two recently described Shewanella species, baltica and frigidimarina, that have not been previously isolated from the Chesapeake. When the genera of bacteria from biofilm after culturing are compared to those detected by subcloning amplified 16S fragments from community DNA, the cultured sample exhibited a strong bias. In oysters collected in February, the most common bacteria were previously unknown. Based on our 16S findings, we are developing microarrays to detect these and other microbial species in these estuarine communities. The microarrays will detect each species using four distinct loci, with the multiple loci serving as an internal control. The accuracy of the microarray will be measured using sentinel species such as Aeromonas species, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio vulnificus. Using microarrays, it should be possible to determine the annual fluctuations of bacterial species (culturable and non-culturable, pathogenic and non-pathogenic). The data may be applied to understanding patterns of environmental change; assessing the health of the Bay; and evaluating the risk of human illness associated with exposure to and ingestion of water and shellfish.     

Distribution of actinomycetes in oil contaminated ultisols of the Niger Delta (Nigeria)

The distribution of actinomycetes in oil contaminated sandy loam ultisols of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria was studied to aid in understanding the effect of hydrocarbons on indigenous microbial population in tropical soils. The average total counts of actinomycetes in all the oil samples analysed was 103 cfu/g. Higher counts of actinomycetes were observed during the dry season than during the wet season. The counts of hydrocarbonoclastic actinomycetes correlated positively with the total count of actinomycetes.The actinomycetes were generally restricted to the top soil(0-10 cm soil depth) although a seemingly deeper(down to 40 cm soil depth) distribution was noticed in the dry season. The isolates included oil degrading species of Actinoplanes, Norcadia,Streptomyces and Streptosporangium. Their high oil utilization ability indicates their positive potential and role in the bioremediation of oil-spilled soils.     

海面原油的挥发

本文对于海面溢油的扩散及其挥发现象,进行了简易的模型试验研究。采用以前发表过的计算原理进行了挥发过程中的空气动力学的计算。文中对热动力学部分,即油的特性与油的风化过程,也进行了详细的的描述。将实验室数据与海洋现场实测数据进行比较后。证明该模型是成功的 同时也证明,在波浪的作用下,油与水的混合对溢油挥发的影响很小,可忽略不计,鉴于在实验室试验初始阶段,尚不能确定波浪与乳化作用对溢油挥发的影响程度,我们有目的地使油的扩散模型尽可能简化。本文给出了计算油膜边缘扩散速度的公式,并提出油膜临界厚度这一概念,小于这一厚度,油膜停止扩散。继而指明了影响溢油挥发的重要因素。本文还列举了溢油挥发的实例,并叙述了风速与温度对溢油挥发的影响。     

公众利益风险管理──能源技术对社会与经济影响的研究

一、引言本文研究的是有关风险与利益决策的模型框图，以及如何通过更加合理、科学的管理改进决策的方法。进行此项工作的目的之一是建立社会风险通用的管理方法。起初本来准备研究核能对整个社会经济的影响，但随着研究的深入，我们发现难以孤立地评价单一能源技术对整个社会经济的影响。这样，有必要深入研究既产生财富和福利，也包含风险的实践活动的管理，也有必要研究替代能源以及能源短缺的后果。能源选择研究足以延续到将来很长时间（300年），所以应该研究“持续性（sustainability）”的概念，包括长期的环境后果。二、研究结构第…     

关于杜阿拉盆地(喀麦隆)有机质的地球化学研究—Ⅰ.可抽提有机质的演化及石油的形成

杜阿拉盆地位于现在尼日尔河三角洲的东南部,被喀麦隆山脉将其与三角洲分开,在1955—1957年间,在该盆地洛格巴巴(Logbaba)附近钻了四口井,各井彼此相距数百米。 Reyre(1964)描述了盆地的形成;大概在早白垩世(Albian)它开始和大西洋通道