Using Si depletion in aerosol to identify the sources of crustal dust in two Chinese megacities

Depletion of Si in transported dust has been recognized for many years. It can be used to distinguish between transported and local dust in cities, although it rarely has been. Here we use the variations of the Si/Al ratio in 15 months of continuous PM_2.5 samples at Beijing (northern China) and Chongqing (southwestern China) to reveal the seasonal patterns of their dust sources. For both cities, peaks of concentration for Si and Al in PM_2.5 corresponded with minima of Si/Al, and could often be linked to pulsed air flow from deserts to the northwest. With significant depletion (up to 80%) and homogeneous distribution at urban and rural sites, Si/Al showed a clear seasonal evolution, which decreased from spring to summer, increased from fall to winter, and collapsed during Chinese Spring Festival, indicating the dominance of transported dust, local fugitive dust and firework influence, respectively. The low ratios implied that desert dust is a common source during spring at Chongqing, whereas its presence during cold season at Beijing was also more frequent than expected. Failing to recognize the depletion of Si may lead to an overestimate of desert dust by 15%–65% when using the average abundance of Al in crust (6%–8%), as in previous studies. The difference in Si/Al ratio between local and transported dust implies that >60% of the dust at Beijing came from outside the city during the springs of 2004–2006. This result can help resolve the contradictory findings on this topic that have been presented earlier.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aerosol in Beijing, China, measured by aminopropylsilane chemically-bonded stationary-phase column chromatography and HPLC/fluorescence detection

We developed a useful analytical method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) concentrations in the aerosol of China. We used an accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) method for the extraction of PAHs from the aerosol samples, in order to reduce the extraction time and the solvent volume used. The optimum purification method was developed, with aminopropylsilane chemically-bonded stationary-phase column chromatography, in order to remove many co-extractives which cannot be removed by conventional purification methods using silica-gel column chromatography. HPLC/fluorescence detection (FLD) was adopted as the analytical method, because it has very high sensitivity to PAH and it is easy to install, operate, and maintain as compared with GC/MS. With the analytical method developed in this study, the recovery and precision (RSD) for most of the PAHs ranged from 75% to 129% and from 2.8% to 22.7%, respectively. The concentrations of PAHs in the aerosol samples collected from October 2003 to April 2005 in Beijing, China were determined using the newly developed method. SigmaPAHs, which is the sum of the concentrations of all detected PAHs, was 177.8 +/- 239.9 ng m(-3) (n = 64). The SigmaPAHs concentration in the heating season (305.1 +/- 279.0 ng m(-3), n = 33) was 7.2 times higher than that in the non-heating season (42.3 +/- 32.0 ng m(-3), n = 31). These strong seasonal variations in atmospheric PAH concentration are possibly due to coal combustion for residential heating in winter.     

Metal ion uptake from aqueous solution by olive stones: a carbon-13 solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and potentiometric study.

The use of biomasses that result from the agriculture and food industries in removing heavy metals from wastewaters is attracting increasing interest. We present a joined potentiometric and cross polarization magic angle spinning (CP-MAS) carbon-13 (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study on the interaction of olive stones with copper(II), nickel(II), and cadmium(II). The potentiometric measurements allow both to distinguish two kind of basic sites in the olive stones and to postulate the coordination models for the three studied metals. The NMR spectral analysis allows the attribution of the different signals to the components of the olive stone matrix. A comparison of CP-MAS 13C NMR spectra of the samples after metal treatment suggests a specific complexation between metal ions and hydroxyl groups on guaiacyl and syringyl moieties.     

重庆万州城区大气PM2.5中正构烷烃污染特征及来源分析

采用大流量气溶胶采样器采集了重庆市万州城区2013年夏季和冬季大气中PM_(2.5)样品,并运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对PM_(2.5)中22种(C12~C33)正构烷烃的含量进行了测定,进而对万州城区PM_(2.5)中正构烷烃的污染特征及来源进行了分析.结果表明,万州城区夏、冬季大气PM_(2.5)中均检测出C12~C33正构烷烃,主峰碳均为C29和C31.夏、冬季PM_(2.5)中正构烷烃日均总浓度分别为158.70 ng·m-3和257.20 ng·m-3,碳优势指数CPI分别为1.63和1.82,CPI1分别为0.61和0.67,CPI2分别为1.83和1.96,植物蜡参数Wax C平均值分别为53.44%和55.53%.万州城区大气细颗粒物中n-alkanes受到来源于陆源高等植物蜡的排放等生物源及化石燃料燃烧等人为源的共同影响,且生物源的影响较大.     

重庆市典型城区PM2.5含碳气溶胶季节变化和来源解析

于2015年10月、12月和2016年3月、8月在重庆大学A区采集秋、冬、春、夏4个季节PM_2.5样品,观察其微观形貌,分析含碳气溶胶及其碳组分的浓度水平,并探讨其季节变化及进行来源解析.结果表明,重庆沙坪坝区PM_2.5中有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）、烟灰（char）和烟炱（soot）的年均质量浓度分别为20.66、6.16、5.42和0.74 μg·m^-3.OC季节变化显著,冬季最高,夏季最低;EC秋季最高,冬季最低,但与其它季节相差不大;char表现为秋季 > 春季 > 冬季 > 夏季;soot表现为秋季 > 夏季 > 春季 > 冬季.正定矩阵因子（PMF）解析出3个因子,分别代表生物质/煤燃烧和道路扬尘的混合源（52.7%）、汽油机动车排放源（22.9%）和柴油机动车排放源（24.4%）.机动车尾气是秋、春和夏3个季节含碳气溶胶的主要来源,冬季主要受煤炭/生物质燃烧和道路扬尘混合源的影响.秋季污染事件可能是因为本地及周边城市汽油车通行量增加,冬季污染事件可能是本地煤炭/生物质燃烧排放增加和周边农村地区输入的共同作用,春季污染事件可能与来自西北方向的沙尘长距离传输有关.     

大气颗粒物中类腐殖酸的研究进展

类腐殖酸(HULIS)是一类广泛存在于云、雾、雨水和大气气溶胶颗粒中的大分子有机物.HULIS既可通过吸收和散射太阳辐射直接影响大气热平衡,又能参与云凝结核的形成间接影响全球气候,加之其重要的环境和健康效应,近年来引起科学界的广泛关注.本文综述了大气颗粒物中类腐殖酸的研究成果,主要包括HULIS的分离、提取和分析方法,HULIS的主要理化性质、浓度和季节变化,以及HULIS的来源和国内外研究现状,并对该领域的研究前景进行了分析和展望.     

Transabdominal chorionic villus sampling: Fetal loss rate in relation to maternal and gestational age

In this paper we report the fetal loss rate in relation to both maternal and gestational age in 1764 pregnant women who underwent transabdominal chorionic villus sampling (TA-CVS) between January 1986 and August 1990. The fetal loss rate, considered as a proportion of continuing pregnancies, decreased with advancing gestational age at sampling from 4.3 per cent before 9 weeks to 0.4 per cent at or after 13 weeks, the difference being statistically significant (p <0.025). The fetal loss rate increased from 1.6 per cent in women under 30 to 2.4 per cent in women of 40 years or over, but the difference was not statistically significant. Considering that the total fetal loss rate before 28 weeks' gestation was on average 1.91 percent (1.3 per cent under 35 years and 2.8 per cent in women of 35 or over), we believe that TA-CVS is a safe and effective technique for prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases.     

Behavior of Chlorpyrifos-methyl in soil and sediment

This research was carried out with the aim of obtaining information regarding the possible environmental impact of Chlorpyrifos-methyl, an organophosphoric insecticide used in agriculture for its phytoiatric action against Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera. Studies relating to the degradation kinetics of the insecticide in two soils and one sediment have shown a rapid degradation process in all three. The prevalent form of degradation would appear to be the chemical type, because the degradation kinetics in a sterile soil have not demonstrated that micro-organisms play a significant part. The adsorption isotherms showed that the insecticide has a greater affinity for the sediment (Kf=143) as opposed to the soils (Kf=65) and that the adsorption process is practically irreversible. Moreover, hydrolysis tests in buffered solutions at pH 4, 7, and 9 revealed that the molecule is particularly unstable with a basic pH.     

煤磨收粉系统的改造

武钢炼铁厂10t/h煤磨系统四套,采用三级除尘(旋风、多管与袋式除尘)和两级风机(排粉机与抽风机)的收尘系统。能耗高、尾气排放超标、故障率高、安全性能差。于1993～1996年相继对四套系统进行改造,获得令人满意的效果,实现节能、降耗、增产、安全生产,达到环保标准。