青年决定环保公众参与的未来

环境问题的产生很大程度上是过度消费导致的。青年是社会的未来。青年能否 转换消费观念,树立绿色消费模式,积极投身保护环境,直接决定了未来社会 的发展。     

Factors affecting trace-metal bioaccumulation in Finnish headwater lakes

Fourteen unpolluted Finnish headwater lakes with pH values varying from 4.8 to 7.0 were studied for trace-metal concentrations in water, sediment, aquatic plants (Nuphar luteum L., Sparganium sp.), aquatic insect larvae (Limnophilus sp., Phryganea sp.) and fish (Esox lucius L., Perca fluviatilis L., Coregonus sp., Salvelinus fontinalis L., Salmo trutta L.). Trace-metal deposition was estimated by analysing the snowpack. Non-parametric correlation analysis was carried out between trace metal concentrations in biota and pH, ANC, TOC, CA + Mg concentration in water and a given metal concentration in water and sediment. Bioaccumulation of several trace metals increased with increasing acidity and decreasing ANC in water. This was especially true for Pb and Cd. Aquatic plants were, in general, the best indicator group concerning differences in trace-metal bioaccumulation in lakes with different acidity. There was some evidence that a higher concentration of TOC in water may reduce bioaccumulation of Pb, Cd and Zn in aquatic plants and fish. The copper concentration in sediment was the only background variable explaining Cu concentration in aquatic insects. Multivariate analysis of the whole background data gave comparable preliminary results. Over 80% of the trace metal concentrations in biota of different lakes was explained by the background variables. In general, elevated concentrations of most of these trace metals can be expected to occur in the biota of acidified low calcareous lakes.     

用广义λ—分布拟合空气污染数据

广义λ-分布是一个四参数可变通的概率模型,包括多种单变量分布,这一模型可用于表示空气污染浓度的频率分布。本文采用土耳其安卡拉每日的烟和SO_2监测数据,来证明广义λ-分布具有良好的拟合性质。这里还讨论了与分位数估计和拟合优度有关的一些结果,并与经典对数正态分布进行了比较。     

Naphthalene and its biomarkers as measures of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) include compounds with two or more fused benzene rings, many of which are carcinogens. Industrial sources produce hundreds of PAH, notably in the coke- and aluminium-producing industries. Because PAH are distributed at varying levels between gaseous and particulate phases, exposure assessment has been problematic. Here, we recommend that occupational exposures to naphthalene be considered as a potential surrogate for occupational PAH exposure for three reasons. Naphthalene is usually the most abundant PAH in a given workplace; naphthalene is present almost entirely in the gaseous phase and is, therefore, easily measured; and naphthalene offers several useful biomarkers, including the urinary metabolites 1- and 2-hydroxynaphthalene. These biomarkers can be used to evaluate total-body exposure to PAH, in much the same way that 1-hydroxypyrene has been applied. Using data from published sources, we show that log-transformed airborne levels of naphthalene are highly correlated with those of total PAH (minus naphthalene) in several industries (creosote impregnation: Pearson r= 0.815, coke production: r= 0.917, iron foundry: r= 0.854, aluminium production: r= 0.933). Furthermore, the slopes of the log-log regressions are close to one indicating that naphthalene levels are proportional to those of total PAH in those industries. We also demonstrate that log-transformed urinary levels of the hydroxynaphthalenes are highly correlated with those of 1-hydroxypyrene among coke oven workers and controls (r= 0.857 and 0.876), again with slopes of log-log regressions close to one. These results support the conjecture that naphthalene is a useful metric for occupational PAH exposure. Since naphthalene has also been shown to be a respiratory carcinogen in several animal studies, it is also argued that naphthalene exposures should be monitored per se in industries with high levels of PAH.     

The importance of temperature in assessing iron pipe corrosion in water distribution systems

Temperature is expected to play a significant role in the corrosion of iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems. Temperature impacts many parameters that are critical to pipe corrosion including biological activity, physical properties of the solution, thermodynamic and physical properties of corrosion scale, and chemical rates. Moreover, variations in temperature and temperature gradients may give rise to new corrosion phenomena worthy of consideration by water treatment personnel.     

海面原油的挥发

本文对于海面溢油的扩散及其挥发现象,进行了简易的模型试验研究。采用以前发表过的计算原理进行了挥发过程中的空气动力学的计算。文中对热动力学部分,即油的特性与油的风化过程,也进行了详细的的描述。将实验室数据与海洋现场实测数据进行比较后。证明该模型是成功的 同时也证明,在波浪的作用下,油与水的混合对溢油挥发的影响很小,可忽略不计,鉴于在实验室试验初始阶段,尚不能确定波浪与乳化作用对溢油挥发的影响程度,我们有目的地使油的扩散模型尽可能简化。本文给出了计算油膜边缘扩散速度的公式,并提出油膜临界厚度这一概念,小于这一厚度,油膜停止扩散。继而指明了影响溢油挥发的重要因素。本文还列举了溢油挥发的实例,并叙述了风速与温度对溢油挥发的影响。     

公众利益风险管理──能源技术对社会与经济影响的研究

一、引言本文研究的是有关风险与利益决策的模型框图，以及如何通过更加合理、科学的管理改进决策的方法。进行此项工作的目的之一是建立社会风险通用的管理方法。起初本来准备研究核能对整个社会经济的影响，但随着研究的深入，我们发现难以孤立地评价单一能源技术对整个社会经济的影响。这样，有必要深入研究既产生财富和福利，也包含风险的实践活动的管理，也有必要研究替代能源以及能源短缺的后果。能源选择研究足以延续到将来很长时间（300年），所以应该研究“持续性（sustainability）”的概念，包括长期的环境后果。二、研究结构第…     

用锌还原水作氢的同位素分析

<正> 本文制定了一种使用金属锌从毫克量水制备氢气的新方法。对小量样品而言,该方法具有比常用的方法更精确和制备时间更短的优点。本设计方案起源下J.Shepherd的设想,并且最初是为了作天然和人工合成晶体中流体包裹体中极小量水的同位素分析而设计的。通常采用的方法(1,2)需要将水样引入到高真     

清洁水面的监测与油污染源的鉴别

在开阔海面上发现石油 在无风和水流作用的清洁海面,溢油以圆形污染面的形式相当快地向外扩散,例如,1立方米原油在10分钟内可扩散为平均油膜厚度为0.5毫米、直径为48米的圆形污染面,而100分钟后,圆形面则可增长至直径100米、膜厚0.1微米。