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There has been growing concern over the build-up of greenhouse gase(GHGs) in the atmosphere, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), as acause of global warming. The IPCC Third Assessment Report (2001) suggests two ways in which the choice of materials could berelevant. First, some materials, particularly wood, have the advantage thatthey continue to hold carbon (C)in their cells even after being convertedto products. The implications of this feature are well researched. Second,an area that is not well researched relates to the different energyrequirements for producing similar products made with different materials. Using the findings of recent research, this paper compares the energyrequirements and C emissions of manufacturing a product using wood withthat of other materials. The case study of utility poles demonstrates thepositive C and global warming consequences of the lower energyrequirements of wood in the U.S., compared to other materials such assteel or concrete. It demonstrates that GHG emissions associated withutility poles are a small but significant percent of total US annual emissions. Wood utility poles are associated with GHG emission reductions of 163Terragrams (Tg) of CO2 when compared with steel poles. This isabout 2.8 percent of US annual GHG emissions, which are estimated atabout 5.28 Petragrams (Pg) of CO2 annually. Thus, the use ofwooden utility poles rather than steel results in a small but significantreduction in total US emissions. 相似文献
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Forests in climate policy: technical,institutional and economic issues in measurement and monitoring
Molly?K.?MacauleyEmail author Roger?A.?Sedjo 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(5):499-513
Despite the economic and environmental significance of the world’s forests, we have limited data about them. Estimates of
deforestation in tropical countries and rates of reforestation or afforestation in boreal and temperate countries are inconsistent.
Accordingly, estimates of emissions released in deforestation vary widely and range from 7% to 17% of all sources of greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions. The lack of good data severely hampers efforts to shape climate policy because it is difficult to model
the role of forests both in the physical global carbon (C) cycle and in cost-effective regimes to abate GHG. Data limits strain
the capacity of even the best models to estimate marginal cost functions for forest carbon (C) sequestration. It is technically
possible to obtain better information, but for institutional and economic reasons these technologies have not yet been fully
deployed. The emergence of carbon (C) trading or tax policy in which forest carbon (C) storage becomes valued would strengthen
incentives to supply better data, as would nonmarket regulation if it elicited a shadow value of forest carbon (C) in substituting
for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. “Geo-wiki” may provide a short-term solution to at least part of the data problem.
The ultimate solution is the development of a comprehensive forest monitoring system involving remote sensing and on-the-ground
truthing. This paper briefly discusses the role of forests in climate policy and then describes data gaps, the capability
of technology to fill them, the limits of institutions and budgets in realizing this capability, and possible near-term solutions. 相似文献
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