Extraction of shrimp waste pigments by enzymatic and alkaline treatment: evaluation by inhibition of lipid peroxidation

In recent years, interest has grown in the potential to utilize more natural materials in the food industry. Shrimp waste is an important natural resource with functional properties and no known side effects. The major components of shrimp waste are protein, chitin, minerals and carotenoids. In the present study, the extraction of carotenoids was performed with two methods, the use of proteolytic enzymes and extraction by alkaline and enzyme treatment, and the total amount of carotenoids present in the waste was determined. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the method was evaluated through the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation was effectively done with carotenoid extracted by trypsin and alkaline treatment.     

Energy consumption,emissions and economic growth in Bahrain

This study examines the Granger causality relationships between economic growth, energy consumption and emissions, from 1980 to 2007 in Bahrain, controlling for capital and urban population using Toda and Yamamoto’s approach. It was found that there is unilateral causality which runs from urban population, economic growth, capital and energy consumption to environment. Further, we found strong support for causality running from economic growth to energy consumption, emissions and capital. The existence of these linkages suggests that the government of Bahrain may pursue energy efficiency strategies and carbon emissions reduction policy in the long run without impeding economic growth. Additionally, the long run pursuit of high economic growth given sustained increases in energy efficiency may also reduce CO₂ emissions intensity per unit of her GDP.