Both China’s national subsidy policies for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) purchasers and passenger cars corporate average fuel consumption and new vehicle credit regulation (dual-credit policy) favor long-range 300+ km battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and 80+ km plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). However, these electric vehicles tend to have lower energy efficiency and higher purchase and operation costs. Vehicle with larger batteries can also be less equitable because the subsidies are often provided to more expensive vehicles and wealthier owners. This study takes advantage of a novel dataset of daily driving data from 39,854 conventional gasoline vehicles in Beijing and 4999 PHEVs in Shanghai to determine the optimal range of BEVs and PHEVs within their respective cities. We simulate a model to explore ranges with which PEVs emit less GHGs than that of a baseline hybrid and conventional gasoline vehicle while ensuring that all daily travel demands are met. Our findings indicate that in both cities, the optimal ranges to balance cost and travel demand for BEVs are 350 km or less and for PHEVs are 60 km or less in Beijing and 80 km or less in Shanghai. We also find that to minimize carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the ranges are even lower 10 km in Beijing and 30 km in Shanghai. Our study suggests that instead of encouraging long-range PEVs, governments should subsidize PEV models with shorter ranges. Parallel efforts should also be made to both increase renewable energy over fossil fuels and expand charging facilities. Although individual mobility demand varies, the government could reduce occasional long-distance driving by subsidizing alternative transportation choices. Providing week-long driving trials to consumers before their purchases may help decrease the demand of very long range PEVs by alleviating the range anxiety through a learning process.
The degradation of pharmaceutical micropollutants is an intensifying environmental problem and synthesis of efficient photocatalysts for this purpose is one of the foremost challenges worldwide.Therefore,this study was conducted to develop novel plasmonic Ag/Ag2O/BiVO4 nanocomposite photocatalysts by simple precipitation and thermal decomposition methods,which could exhibit higher photocatalytic activity for mineralized pharmaceutical micropollutants.Among the different tre... 相似文献
This study screened out eluants for efficiently desorbing metal nanoparticles from plant root surface, and distinguished the proportions of CuO-nanoparticles uptake and adsorption. 相似文献
Transformation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by zero-valent iron represents one of the latest innovative technologies for
environmental remediation. The dechlorination of 4-chlorobiphenyl (4-ClBP) by nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) in the presence of
humic acid or metal ions was investigated. The results showed that the dechlorination of 4-ClBP by NZVI increased with decreased
solution pH. When the initial pH value was 4.0, 5.5, 6.8, and 9.0, the dechlorination efficiencies of 4-ClBP after 48 hr were 53.8%,
47.8%, 35.7%, and 35.6%, respectively. The presence of humic acid inhibited the reduction of 4-ClBP in the first 4 hr, and then
significantly accelerated the dechlorination by reaching 86.3% in 48 hr. Divalent metal ions, Co2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+, were reduced and
formed bimetals with NZVI, thereby enhanced the dechlorination of 4-ClBP. The dechlorination percentages of 4-ClBP in the presence
of 0.1 mmol/L Co2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+ were 66.1%, 66.0% and 64.6% in 48 hr, and then increased to 67.9%, 71.3% and 73.5%, after 96
hr respectively. The dechlorination kinetics of 4-ClBP by the NZVI in all cases followed pseudo-first order model. The results provide
a basis for better understanding of the dechlorination mechanisms of PCBs in real environment. 相似文献
Results from pot culture (with one-year old Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba) are described. It was found that the biomass production and elongation of C. lanceolata was seriously inhibited at pH 2.0 rain, but for S. superba, was not affected markedly. When pH values of experimental rain were higher than 2.0, the root growth of both species was not adversely affected. Aluminium had already accumulated to some degrees in the roots of both trees, and started to affect the root growth of C. lanceolata at pH 2.0 rain. The soil chemistry was also examined. Increased acidity of experimental rain increased the leaching of Ca and Mg. The Al/Ca mol ratio increased from 0.3 to 0.9 in top soil, and in rhizosphere to 1.5 when the pH values of simulated acid rain were 4.5 to 2.0. In this experiment, NO3- fertilization effect was discovered. 相似文献
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In order to study the radon release behavior when heap leaching uranium ores with dilute sulfuric acid, unleached uranium ores from a uranium mine in... 相似文献
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Dairy farm bedding can be produced by composting technology using dairy manure, which offers advantages in terms of cost, availability, and economic... 相似文献