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Soh Sugihara Shinya FunakawaMethod Kilasara Takashi Kosaki 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2012,146(1):209-219
In Sub-Saharan Africa, conservation of available soil N during early crop growth, when N loss by leaching generally occurs, is important to improve crop productivity. In a dry tropical cropland in Tanzania, we assessed the potential role of soil microbes as a temporal N sink-source to conserve the available soil N until later crop growth, which generally requires substantial crop N uptake. We evaluated the effect of land management [i.e., no input, plant residue application before planting (P plot) with or without fertilizer application, fertilizer application alone, and non-cultivated plots] on the relationship between soil N pool [microbial biomass N (MBN) and inorganic N] and crop N uptake throughout the ∼120-d crop growth period in two consecutive years. In the P plot, MBN clearly increased (∼14.6-29.6 kg N ha−1) early in the crop growth period in both years because of immobilization of potentially leachable N, and it conserved a larger soil N pool (∼10.5-21.2 kg N ha−1) than in the control plot. Especially in one year in which N leaching was critical, increased MBN maintained a larger soil N pool in the P plot throughout the experimental period, and a delay of increased MB C:N ratio and a substantial decrease in MBN was observed, indicating better soil microbial N supply for crop N uptake during later crop growth. Therefore, plant residue application before planting should enhance the role of soil microbes as a temporal N sink-source, leading to the conservation of potentially leachable N until later phase of crop growth, especially in years in which N leaching is relatively severe. Although further studies are necessary, our results suggest that plant residue application before planting is a promising option to achieve better N synchronization. 相似文献
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Measurement of flow speed in the channels of novel threadlike structures on the surfaces of mammalian organs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
There have been several reports on novel threadlike structures (NTSs) on the surfaces of the internal organs of rats and rabbits
since their first observation by Bonghan Kim in 1963. To confirm this novel circulatory function, it is necessary to observe
the flow of liquid through the NTS as well as the structurally corroborating channels in the NTS. In this article, we report
on the measurement of the flow speed of Alcian blue solution in the NTSs on the organ surfaces of rabbits, and we present
electron microscopic images depicting the cribrous cross-section with channels. The speed was measured as 0.3 ± 0.1 mm/s,
and the flow distance was up to 12 cm. The flow was unidirectional, and the phase contrast microscopic images showed that
the NTSs were strongly stained with Alcian blue. The ultrastructure of the NTSs revealed by cryo-scanning electron microscopy
and high-voltage electron microscopy showed that (1) there were cell-like bodies and globular clumps of matter inside the
sinus of the channel with thin strands of segregated zones which is a microscopic evidence of the liquid flow, (2) the sinuses
have wall structures surrounded with extracellular matrices of collagenous fibers, and (3) there exists a cribriform structure
of sinuses. To understand the mechanism for the circulation, a quantitative analysis of the flow speed has been undertaken
applying a simplified windkessel model. In this analysis, it was shown that the liquid flow through the NTSs could be due
to peristaltic motion of the NTS itself.
Baeckkyoung Sung and Min Su Kim contributed equally to this work. 相似文献
3.
The complete larval development of Euphausia pacifica in the Yellow Sea is described and the stages are compared with larvae of E. nana. Euphausiid larvae examined in the present study were collected at 30 stations in the Yellow Sea in 1989. During the stages of Calyptopis III to Furcilia II, E. pacifica larvae are smaller than E. nana larvae but they are larger from Furcilia III onward. There are geographical variations in body size of Calyptopis III among the southern California waters, the eastern Japan waters, the Japan Sea, and the Yellow Sea; body size is smallest in the Yellow Sea and Japan Sea, while it is largest in southern California waters and intermediate in eastern Japan waters. Segmentation of antennal endopods was observed in the 56 to 51 furcilia forms in the Yellow Sea population, suggesting that this characteristic is not as reliable for identification of furcilia stages as the pleopods and terminal telson spines. Thus, we propose here that there are six furcilia stages of E. pacifica, instead of the seven previously reported by Boden (1950). 相似文献
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Determination of volatile organic compounds pollution sources in malaysian drinking water using multivariate analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A field investigation was conducted at all water treatment plants throughout 11 states and Federal Territory in Peninsular
Malaysia. The sampling points in this study include treatment plant operation, service reservoir outlet and auxiliary outlet
point at the water pipelines. Analysis was performed by solid phase micro-extraction technique with a 100 μm polydimethylsiloxane
fibre using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection to analyse 54 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of different
chemical families in drinking water. The concentration of VOCs ranged from undetectable to 230.2 μg/l. Among all of the VOCs
species, chloroform has the highest concentration and was detected in all drinking water samples. Average concentrations of
total trihalomethanes (THMs) were almost similar among all states which were in the range of 28.4--33.0 μg/l. Apart from THMs,
other abundant compounds detected were cis and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, 1,2-dibromoethane, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, chlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene
and 1,2-dichloro - benzene. Principal component analysis (PCA) with the aid of varimax rotation, and parallel factor analysis
(PARAFAC) method were used to statistically verify the correlation between VOCs and the source of pollution. The multivariate
analysis pointed out that the maintenance of auxiliary pipelines in the distribution systems is vital as it can become significant
point source pollution to Malaysian drinking water. 相似文献
5.
Water is a resource that is essential for all life on Earth. An exponentially growing human population, in addition to unprecedented
industrial and technological development, threaten the availability and quality of this resource. Climate change and ozone
depletion are two major environmental problems facing mankind today. These problems have the potential to further strain currently
available freshwater resources. Recent research has shown that climate change and ozone depletion are linked phenomena and
their interaction exacerbates their impact. Changes in precipitation, surface runoff, solar UV radiation, temperatures, and
evaporation are some of the predicted outcomes of climate change and ozone depletion. They influence the biogeochemical cycles
and aquatic ecosystems in lakes and rivers, and alter the character of natural organic matter (NOM) and, consequently, they
have the potential to affect the quality, quantity and treatability of our water resources. Given these uncertainties, and
the need to mitigate the consequences of climate change and ozone depletion, the issues of changing water quality, quantity
and treatability cannot be ignored by Australian governments and water utilities. 相似文献
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C B Chidambara Raj Tan Ee Kwong Wong Wai Cheng Lee Mun Fong Soh Hoo Tiong Paul Stefan Klose 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2008,20(11):1300-1305
Reclamation of clean water from filter backwash water was studied through pilot-scale experiments.The pilot plant consisted of clarification,sand-filtration,and ultrafiltration modules in sequence,with a provision to bypass the sand filter.Clean water that conformed to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on Potable Quality was reclaimed.Turbidity,aluminum and iron were found to be critical contaminants in process selection and design.Clarification,followed by sand filtration,was found to be the minim... 相似文献
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