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One-year monitoring survey of organic compounds (PAHs, PCBs, TBT), heavy metals and biomarkers in blue mussels from the Arcachon Bay, France 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Devier MH Augagneur S Budzinski H Le Menach K Mora P Narbonne JF Garrigues P 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2005,7(3):224-240
Marine mussels Mytilus sp. were transplanted on a monthly basis in cages over one year to oyster farms and harbours in the Arcachon Bay (France) in order to assess the water quality of the bay. Contaminant levels (organotin compounds, trace metals, PCBs and PAHs) were measured in tissues of transplanted mussels and mussels from a reference station, along with physiological parameters of the mussels (condition indexes, lipid content and dry weight). Four biomarkers (AChE: acetylcholinesterase activity, GST: gluthathione S-transferase activity, CAT: catalase activity and TBARS: thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance content) were also monitored. The remote stations monitored (oyster parks) exhibited no accumulation pattern of pollutants. Their respective concentrations therefore constitute a background level of the contamination in the bay ([TBT]= 30 ng Sn g(-1) dw, [SigmaHAPs]= 100 ng g(-1) dw, [SigmaPCBs]= 35 ng g(-1) dw). The elevated chemical contamination of the largest harbour of the bay, the Arcachon harbour, can be interpreted in terms of persistence of organotin compounds ([SigmaOTs]= 1500-2000 ng Sn g(-1) dw) and PAHs ([SigmaHAPs]= 4500-5000 ng g(-1) dw) in sediments and, to a lesser extent, of direct inputs of copper ([Cu]= 20 microg g(-1) dw in harbours versus 7 in oyster parks) and petrogenic PAHs ([methylphenanthrenes]= 1600 ng g(-1) dw in the dockyard versus 170 at the gas stations), related to the use of copper-based antifouling paints and to dockyard activity, respectively. However, the Arcachon Bay presents a low contamination level by PCBs and metals, including harbour stations. Furthermore, higher levels of other PAHs (particularly alkyl PAHs such as methylphenanthrenes/1600 ng g(-1) dw) not included in the 16 PAHs from the EPA priority list (usually studied in biomonitoring programmes/1500 ng g(-1) dw) in the Arcachon harbour underline the need to integrate these compounds in biomonitoring of highly PAH-polluted areas such as harbours in order to avoid misinterpretation of the biological responses observed. Biomarker responses were not able to discriminate the different chemical contamination levels recorded in the Arcachon Bay and rather reflected changes in environmental factors. Furthermore, the strong intraspecies variability of biological responses could be due to genetic differences of mussels from the Arcachon Bay. It is the first time that such an integrated monitoring is performed in the Arcachon Bay, also taking into account seasonal variations of chemical contents and biomarkers levels in mussel tissues. 相似文献
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The level of specialization of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema scapterisci with its native Xenorhabdus symbiont was investigated by testing (1) the influence of non-native bacterial strains on nematode fitness within an insect-host
(Galleria mellonella) and (2) specificity of the association between the nematode infective juveniles and non-native bacteria. All non-native
Xenorhabdus spp. or Photorhabdus spp. strains tested were mutualistically associated with other entomopathogenic nematodes in nature. We showed that most
of the Xenorhabdus spp. strains tested led to an insignificant difference of the nematode's fitness compared to the one obtained with the native
bacterium. Conversely, Photorhabdus spp. strains almost entirely abolished nematode reproduction. The phylogenetic analysis of bacterial strains tested, showed
that there was a negative correlation between S. scapterisci's reproduction rate with a bacterial strain and the genetic distance of this bacterial strain from the native one. We also
showed that the native bacterium was the only one which was transmitted by S. scapterisci's infective juveniles. All these results, suggested a specialization between S. scapterisci and its native Xenorhabdus. As the same phenomenon was already demonstrated in the association between S. carpocapsae and X. nematophila, specialization between partners would not be an exception in entomopathogenic nematode-bacteria interactions. Nevertheless,
S. scapterisci showed a dramatically higher compatibility with non-native Xenorhabdus spp. strains than did S. carpocapsae, suggesting differences in the co-evolutionary processes between nematodes and bacteria in these two model systems.Table 1 List of the bacterial strains, native nematode species with their geographical origin, accession numbers of bacterial 16S
rDNA partial sequences and number of combination experiments for each bacterium tested
相似文献
Bacterial species and strains | Native nematode species | Accession no. of the 16S rDNA sequence | Geographical origin | No. of combination experiments |
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X. innexi UY61 | S. scapterisci | AY521243 | Uruguay | 80 |
X. poinarii SK72 | S. glaseri | AY521239 | USA | 40 |
X. beddingii Q58 | Steinernema sp. | D78006 | Australia | 40 |
X. bovienii FR10 | S. feltiae | AY521240 | France | 40 |
Xenorhabdus sp. USTX62 | S. riobrave | AY521244 | USA | 40 |
X. nematophila F1 | S. carpocapsae | AY521241 | France | 40 |
P. luminescens TT01 | H. bacteriophora | AJ007404 | Trinidad | 40 |
P. temperata XLNACH | H. megidis | AJ007405 | Russia | 40 |
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Potential allelopathic effect of Pinus halepensis in the secondary succession: an experimental approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Catherine Fernandez Benjamin Lelong Bruno Vila Jean-Philippe Mévy Christine Robles Stéphane Greff Sylvie Dupouyet Anne Bousquet-Mélou 《Chemoecology》2006,16(2):97-105
Summary. Recent economic and social changes in north Mediterranean regions have led to an important rural depopulation. Consequently,
meadows developed on abandoned agricultural lands (characterized by high species richness) undergo reforestation. These former
fields are mainly colonized by Pinus halepensis Miller, which is known to synthetize a wide range of secondary metabolites, among these, some could influence plant succession
through allelopathy. The allelopathic potential of P. halepensis, was tested against two target species (Lactuca sativa L. and Linum strictum L.) with aqueous extracts obtained from different organs (root and needle) taking into account the individual age (±10, ±30
and > 60 years old). Root and needle extracts affected differently germination and growth of the two target species, the responses
varying with concentration of extracts, age and organs tested. The strongest inhibitory effect was observed on the germination
and growth of L. strictum, exposed to needle extracts of young P. halepensis (±10 years old), and root extracts of older P. halepensis (> 30 years old). These extracts contained several phenolic acids (e.g. 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and p-coumaric acid), which are known as allelochemicals and their concentrations vary with age and
organ tested. Hence, P. halepensis could influence secondary succession through the release of potential allelochemicals in the environment by leaf leachates
or root exudates. 相似文献
8.
Sylvie Pouteau 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2000,13(3-4):273-291
The concept of substantial equivalence,introduced for the risk assessment of geneticallymodified (GM) food, is a reducing concept because itignores the context in which these products have beenproduced and brought to the consumer at the end of thefood chain. Food quality cannot be restricted to meresubstance and food acts on human beings not only atthe level of nutrition but also through theirrelationship to environment and society. To make thiscontext explicit, I will introduce an ``equivalencescale' for the evaluation of food chains (GM or notGM). By contrast with substantial equivalence, whichinvolves mainly quantitative, analytical methods ofevaluation, ``qualitative equivalence' refers to ``less'or non-substantial factors that require new methodsof evaluation based on qualitative principles.``Ethical equivalence' refers to factors that show themoral value contained in food products. To analyze thedifferent levels at which ethics is needed in foodchains, I will use the French principles: ``Liberty,Equality, Fraternity,' or freedom, equality,solidarity, and add a fourth principle:sustainability. Sustainability, solidarity, andfreedom can be applied to the evaluation ofenvironmental, socio-economic, and socio-culturalethical equivalence, respectively. Equality refers tojustice and should operate so as to guarantee thatsustainability, solidarity, and freedom are satisfied.I suggest that ethics can provide a basis for arenewal of the food chain concept. Besides QualityAssurance, it is now essential to develop an ``EthicalAssurance' and this equivalence scale could provide abasis to set up ``Ethical Assurance Standards' (EAS)for food chains. 相似文献
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Jelena Cvejic Sylvie Tambutté Severine Lotto Momir Mikov Ivan Slacanin Denis Allemand 《Marine Biology》2007,152(4):855-862
Corallium rubrum is the most famous and precious coral due to the intense characteristic red colour of its skeleton. We have determined the
presence of carotenoids in natural samples of C. rubrum from Marseille, Riou, and investigated their chemical composition. Analysis was performed both on soft tissues and hard tissues
including spicules and skeleton. Since hard tissues are made of a mineral fraction and an organic fraction obtained after
demineralization, extraction was performed both with and without demineralization by EDTA. The extracts were analyzed by complementary
methods of TLC, HPLC/DAD and HPLC/MS. The components were separated by RP-18 chromatography column using acetonitrile/methanol
for HPLC/DAD and acetonitrile/water gradient for HPLC/MS analysis. Our results give the first evidence of the presence of
canthaxanthin, 4,4′-diketo-β-carotene, as the major carotenoid in all samples. Spicules exhibited higher content in carotenoids
than skeleton. Demineralization treatment improved the efficiency of carotenoid extraction by an average factor of 5 and showed
that organic matrix contains canthaxanthin. 相似文献