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Christoph A. Roden Tami C. Bond Stuart Conway Anibal Benjamin Osorto Pinel Nordica MacCarty Dean Still 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(6):1170-1181
We implemented a program in which emission characterization is enabled through collaborations between academic, US and international non-governmental entities that focus on evaluation, dissemination, and in-use testing, of improved cookstoves. This effort resulted in a study of field and laboratory emissions from traditional and improved biofuel cookstoves. We found that field measured particulate emissions of actual cooking average three times those measured during simulated cooking in the laboratory. Emission factors are highly dependent on the care and skill of the operator and the resulting combustion; these do not appear to be accurately reproduced in laboratory settings. The single scattering albedo (SSA) of the emissions was very low in both lab and field measurements, averaging about 0.3 for lab tests and around 0.5 for field tests, indicating that the primary particles are climate warming. Over the course of three summers in Honduras, we measured field emissions from traditional cookstoves, relatively new improved cookstoves, and “broken-in” improved cookstoves. We found that well-designed improved cookstoves can significantly reduce PM and CO emission factors below traditional cookstoves. For improved stoves, the presence of a chimney generally resulted in lower emission factors but left the SSA unaffected. Traditional cookstoves had an average PM emission factor of 8.2 g kg?1 – significantly larger than previous studies. Particulate emission factors for improved cookstoves without and with chimneys averaged about 6.6 g kg?1 and 4.5 g kg?1, respectively. The elemental carbon (EC) fraction of PM varied significantly between individual tests, but averaged about 25% for each of the categories. 相似文献
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Tami A. Montgomery Gary S. Samuelsen Lawrence J. Muzio 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):721-726
Nitrous oxide (N2O) levels in the atmosphere are increasing, potentially contributing to the greenhouse effect and depletion of stratospheric ozone. From a limited data base, combustion sources have been identified as a major anthropogenic source of N2O. However, the existing data base (obtained by traditional grab sampling techniques followed by gas chromatographic analysis) is in question due to the discovery of a sampling artifact. A continuous on-line N2O analyzer would enable and facilitate the accurate characterization of combustion sources over a range of operating conditions, and also aid in the development of an appropriate sampling technique. This paper addresses the development of a continuous measurement technique, and the evaluation and initial use of a field prototype continuous N2O analyzer developed at the UCI Combustion Laboratory in cooperation with a major instrument manufacturer. The analyzer is capable of measuring N2O levels down to a few ppm. The analyzer has been evaluated and used to study the N2O emissions from a pulverized coal-fired boiler. The N2O levels found with the analyzer are substantially lower than levels previously attributed to such sources. Initial N2O measurements made with the analyzer suggest that N2O levels are not a substantial fraction of the NOX levels, as previously suggested. 相似文献
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Weekday versus weekend activity patterns for ozone precursor emissions in California's South Coast Air Basin 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Chinkin LR Coe DL Funk TH Hafner HR Roberts PT Ryan PA Lawson DR 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2003,53(7):829-843
Ambient O3 concentrations in California's South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) can be as much as 55% higher on weekends than on weekdays under comparable meteorological conditions. This is paradoxical because emissions of O3 precursors (hydrocarbons, CO, and nitrogen oxides [NOx]) are lower on weekends. Day-of-week emissions activity data were collected and analyzed to investigate the hypothesized causes of the "weekend O3 effect." Emission activity data were collected for various mobile, area, and point sources throughout the SoCAB, including on-road vehicles, lawn and garden equipment, barbecues, fireplaces, solvent use, and point sources with continuous emission monitoring data. The results of this study indicate significant differences between weekday and weekend emission activity patterns and emissions. Their combined effect results in a 12-18% decrease in reactive organic gases (ROGs) and a 35-41% decrease in NOx emissions on Saturdays and Sundays, respectively, relative to weekdays in summer 2000. These changes in emissions result in an increase of more than 30% in the ROG/NOx ratio on weekends compared with weekdays, which, along with lower NOx emissions, leads to increased O3 production on weekends. 相似文献
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Exaggerated male eye span influences contest outcome in stalk-eyed flies (Diopsidae) 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Evolution of male weapons or status signals has been hypothesized to precede evolution of female mating preferences for those
traits. We used staged male fights among three species of Malaysian stalk-eyed flies (Diptera: Diopsidae) to determine if
elongated eye span, which is preferred by females in two sexually dimorphic species, influences contest outcome. Extreme sexual
dimorphism, with large males possessing longer eye span than females, is shared by Cyrtodiopsis whitei and C. dalmanni. In contrast, C. quinqueguttata exhibits a more ancestral condition – short, sexually monomorphic eye stalks. Videotape analysis of 20-min paired contests
revealed that males with larger eye span and body size won more fights in the dimorphic, but not monomorphic, species. To
determine if males from the dimorphic species use eye span directly to resolve contests, we competed male C. dalmanni from lines that had undergone artificial selection for 30 generations to increase or decrease eye span. We found that eye
span, independently of body size, determines contest outcome in selected-line males. Furthermore, in both dimorphic species,
the average encounter duration declined as the eye span difference between contestants increased, as expected if males use
eye span to assess opponent size. The number of encounters also increased with age in dimorphic, but not monomorphic, species.
Selected-line males did not differ from outbred males in either fight duration or number of encounters. We conclude that exaggerated
male eye stalks evolved to influence both competitive interactions and female mating preferences in these spectacular flies.
Received: 20 July 1998 / Received in revised form: 2 February 1999 / Accepted: 12 March 1999 相似文献
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Karen Chong Sarah Keating Stephanie Hurst Anne Summers Howard Berger Gareth Seaward Nicole Martin Tami Friedberg David Chitayat 《黑龙江环境通报》2009,29(5):489-494
Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) is a multisystem disorder characterized by somatic defects and mental retardation. Prenatal diagnosis of this severe condition is difficult in view of the non-specific ultrasound abnormalities. We report three cases with prenatally suspected CdLS based on the ultrasound findings as well as low PAPP-A detected on first trimester screening in one case, and the results of the autopsy and the NIPBL gene mutation analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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