奥斯陆峡湾内部的污染与保护:重新确定20世纪废水处理政策的目标

20世纪奥斯陆峡湾内部的主要污染源是奥斯陆市的城市污水排放.20世纪初,污染只限于下水道出口附近的沿岸水域和奥斯陆的港区.细菌含量高造成健康危害,而城市当局试图通过建造一个污水系统.包括截流污水管和废水处理厂来减轻这种危害.由于人口的增长.日益增加的污水负荷的影响区域扩大.30年代,整个奥斯陆峡湾内部受到了影响.科学研究把城市污水排放与藻类生产量的增加联系起来.40年代,发现底层处于缺氧状态.奥斯陆下水处理机构意识到峡湾的污染,但认为有机质是主要的问题,并认为活化污泥法是最佳的解决办法.营养盐的作用一直到60年代末才得到普遍的承认.70年代去磷法开始采用.90年代又采用了去氮法.去除营养盐造成峡湾恢复缓慢.     

Public perceptions of planning objectives for regional level management of wild reindeer in Norway

We examined community perceptions of preferred objectives for wild reindeer management in Southern Norway as the former population-based model is being replaced with an area-based, multi-level regional management model spanning large mountain regions. Communally oriented objectives are favoured over economic benefits to landowners. Environmental attitudes discriminate on many of the issues and can be useful factors in sorting out levels of support for proposed management actions and compromises in land use decisions. The regional reindeer plans create a new political context for land use management across large mountain areas which will require better cooperation among municipalities.     

Pointing accuracy in children is dependent on age, sex and experience

We investigated the influence of age, sex and familiarity on spatial performance assessed with a pointing task in 84 children: 21 kindergartners, 21 first-graders, 21 fifth-graders and 21 sixth-graders. Spatial performance was assessed in the children's natural environment, their respective school or kindergarten. The children had to indicate the direction of prominent landmarks on the school campus while sitting in their classroom, drawing an arrow on a sheet of paper. Since the children had spent different amounts of time at their respective schools, experience with the environment was regarded as a covariate.Data analysis revealed significant effects for age, sex and experience. Fifth-graders aged around 10 years outperformed the younger children. Sex differences revealed male superiority at all ages. Experience with the environment was also shown to play a vital role. Children who had spent a longer time at the school were able to demonstrate better spatial knowledge by pointing more accurately towards unseen landmarks.     

POP exposure from fish liver consumption and risk of cancer--the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study

The aim of the study was to investigate the hypothesis that consumption of fish liver increases cancer risk in humans due to increased intake of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This study is based on data from the Norwegian Women and Cancer Study (NOWAC). The study has a prospective cohort design with questionnaire data from 64 285 randomly selected Norwegian women (aged 40-70 at baseline) and linkage to the Norwegian Cancer Registry. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate risk ratios associated with consumption of fish liver and total cancer and cancer in breast, uterus, and colon. Fish liver consumption was, after adjusting for known risk factors, associated with a significant reduced risk for total cancer (RR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.85, 0.99), and non-significant reduced risk for breast cancer (RR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.78, 1.04), and colon cancer (RR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.63, 1.07). Relative risk for uterus cancer was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.61-1.12). No significant dose-response effect was found for frequency of fish liver consumption (when divided into three intake groups) and total cancer, nor for any of the other cancer sites.We have concluded that in Norwegian women, fish liver consumption was not associated with an increased cancer risk in breast, uterus, or colon. In contrast, a decreased risk for total cancer was found.