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1.
The behaviour of the three organophosphate esters tributyl phosphate (TBP), tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP) and tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBEP) during infiltration of river water to ground water has been investigated. The monitoring site is the Oder River and the adjacent Oderbruch aquifer. From March 2000 to July 2001, 76 ground water samples from monitoring wells located close to the Oder River and nine river water samples were collected. Additionally, influent and effluent samples from local waste water treatment plants, one sample of rain water and samples of roof runoff were collected. All samples were analysed by solid-phase-extraction followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. TBP, TCEP and TBEP were detected at mean values of 622 ng l(-1), 352 ng l(-1), and 2955 ng l(-1), respectively in municipal waste water effluents. This points to a major input of these compounds into the Oder River by municipal waste water discharge. The concentrations of TBP and TBEP decreased downstream the Oder River possibly due to aerobic degradation. TBP, TCEP and TBEP were detected in ground water influenced predominantly by bank-filtered water. This demonstrates a transport of organic compounds by river water infiltration to ground water. TBP, TCEP and TBEP were also detected in rain water precipitation, roof runoff and ground water predominantly influenced by rain water infiltration. This hints to an input of these compounds to ground water by dry and wet deposition after atmospheric transport. Organophosphate esters were also detected in parts of the aquifer at 21 m depth. This demonstrates low anaerobic degradation rates of TBP, TCEP and TBEP. 相似文献
2.
The soil fauna of ecofarmed and conventionally farmed fields and grasslands was investigated in various regions of Austria. The results obtained from the evaluation of a total of 13 paired sites are reviewed in this contribution: (1) many of the investigated soil zoological parameters do not differ statistically in ecofarmed and conventionally farmed fields and grasslands; (2) there are no striking differences in species composition and dominance structure of the protozoa, an important group of indicator organisms due to their delicate external membranes, their short generation time and their high contribution to energy flow and nutrient cycling; (3) all differences which can be guaranteed with an error probability of α = 10% or less invariably show higher biological activity in the ecofarmed plots. The soil physical and chemical investigations which accompanied the zoological studies on some sites indicate that the higher biological activity is caused by the higher humus content and the lower soil compaction. The organic matter content is significantly higher in the ecofarmed plots, whereas soil compaction is more pronounced under conventional cultivation; (4) conventional agriculture has a more detrimental effect on soil fauna in semi-arid regions without stockfarming than in atlantic regions with mixed husbandry. A short review of the literature shows our results to be consistent with those of other studies. It is increasingly evident that generalizations like ‘Conventional farming destroys life in the soil’ or ‘Ecofarming stimulates soil life’ are only partially supported by the available data. A far more comprehensive view taking into account especially climate, soil type and farm management is necessary. However, the discernible detrimental effects on the soil organisms caused by conventional farming call for serious consideration and ought to stimulate the development of soft agricultural technology and intensified soil biological research. Future research should include studies on productivity of soil animals under various management systems, the analysis of single factors (e.g. the special admixtures used in biodynamic farming) to elucidate causative mechanisms, and studies on the relationship between soil animals, crop production and sustained yield. 相似文献
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Wilhelm Schramm 《Journal of Cleaner Production》1997,5(4):291-300
New findings on the causes of waste and emissions, which were obtained from analysing numerous material streams in various sectors of industry, are presented in this article. It describes the implications of these findings for the vision of clean production, for formulating environmental policy concerning cleaner production targets, for the opportunities to assess to what extent the cleaner production targets have been met, and for the cleaner production assessment. A modified cleaner production assessment approach is presented, and illustrated using leather production as an example. The consequent implications for the diffusion of cleaner production are discussed. 相似文献
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Thomassen Y Koch W Dunkhorst W Ellingsen DG Skaugset NP Jordbekken L Arne Drabløs P Weinbruch S 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2006,8(1):127-133
The number concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles in a S?derberg and a prebake potroom of an aluminium primary smelter have been measured using a scanning mobility particle spectrometer. The particle morphology was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The study shows the existence of elevated number concentrations of ultrafine particles in both potrooms. The main source of these particles is likely to be the process of anode changing. The ultrafine particles were measured directly at the source but could also be identified as episodes of high number concentrations in the general background air. Unlike the larger particles belonging to the 50-100 nm mode, the nanoparticle mode could not be detected in the TEM indicating that they may not be stable under the applied sampling conditions and/or the high vacuum in the instrument. 相似文献
9.
Kristin Quednow Wilhelm Püttmann 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(6):630-640
Background, aim, and scope
The present study focuses on the temporal concentration changes of four common organic pollutants in small freshwater streams of Hesse, Germany. The substances (tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP), the technical isomer mixture of 4-nonylphenol (NP), 2-(t-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine (terbutryn), and N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET)) are subject to differing regulations. Whereas the use of NP and the related nonylphenolethoxylates (NPEOs) are almost completely banned under EU directive 2003/53/EC, the herbicide terbutryn is only restricted for use as a herbicide in the majority of member states of the European Union (EU). In contrast, TCEP and DEET are not regulated by legislation, but have been replaced in some products through consumer pressure. The impact of regulation on the environmental concentrations of these pollutants is discussed. 相似文献10.
Summary. A diverse group of brown seaweeds produce bouquets of C11 metabolites, some of which act as pheromones that cue gamete release or attract sperm to eggs following release. We demonstrate
that these C11 metabolites and their degradation products also frequently and strongly deter feeding by the herbivorous amphipod Ampithoe longimana, but rarely by the herbivorous sea urchin Arbacia punctulata. Across the range of concentrations tested, seven of twelve C11 metabolites or mixtures that we tested deterred feeding by the amphipod, but only two of eleven deterred the sea urchin.
For those compounds where we could rigorously contrast the magnitude of deterrence against the amphipod with the magnitude
of deterrence against the urchin, the amphipod was deterred significantly more than the urchin by five of six metabolites.
Thus, C11 compounds were more frequently and more strongly deterrent to the amphipod than to the sea urchin. These findings for C11 metabolites conflict with previous investigations, where other classes of seaweed chemical defenses have been shown to deter
feeding by large mobile herbivores like urchins and fishes but to be relatively ineffective against mesograzers, especially
the species of amphipod that we used here. Our results suggest that C11 metabolites are unusual among the known seaweed chemical defenses in that they are especially effective against mesograzers,
which often consume seaweed spores, zygotes, and juveniles. The high concentrations of C11 metabolites in brown algal eggs could allow these defenses to be especially important in defending gametes, zygotes, or young
sporelings from herbivorous mesograzers.
Received 26 February 1998; accepted 9 April 1998. 相似文献