Cost-Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services with Dual Goals of Environment and Poverty Alleviation

The goal of this article is to understand strategies by which both the environmental and poverty alleviation objectives of PES programs can be achieved cost effectively. To meet this goal, we first create a conceptual framework to understand the implications of alternative targeting when policy makers have both environmental and poverty alleviation goals. We then use the Grain for Green program in China, the largest PES program in the developing world, as a case study. We also use a data set from a survey that we designed and implemented to evaluate the program. Using the data set we first evaluate what factors determined selection of program areas for the Grain for Green program. We then demonstrate the heterogeneity of parcels and households and examine the correlations across households and their parcels in terms of their potential environmental benefits, opportunity costs of participating, and the asset levels of households as an indicator of poverty. Finally, we compare five alternative targeting criteria and simulate their performance in terms of cost effectiveness in meeting both the environmental and poverty alleviation goals when given a fixed budget. Based on our simulations, we find that there is a substantial gain in the cost effectiveness of the program by targeting parcels based on the “gold standard,” i.e., targeting parcels with low opportunity cost and high environmental benefit managed by poorer households.     

H(+)/phenanthrene symporter and aquaglyceroporin are implicated in phenanthrene uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous organic pollutants that are toxic to human and nonhuman organisms. Dietary intake of PAHs is a dominant route of exposure for the general population because food crops are a major source of dietary PAHs. The mechanism for crop root uptake of PAHs remains unclear. Here we reveal that wheat root uptake of PAHs involves active and passive processes. The passive uptake is mercury and glycerol dependent. Mercury and glycerol inhibit uptake, indicating that aquaglyceroporins sensitive to mercury contribute to passive uptake. Active uptake is mediated by a phenanthrene/H symporter. The electrical response of wheat roots triggered by phenanthrene consists of two sequential phases: depolarization followed by repolarization. The depolarization is phenanthrene concentration dependent, with saturation kinetics that have an apparent of K(m) 10.8 μmol L(-1). As uptake proceeds, external solution pH increase is noticed. Lower pH favors the uptake. Vanadate and 2,4-dinitrophenol suppress the electrical response to phenanthrene and phenanthrene uptake, suggesting that plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase is involved in the establishment of an electrochemical proton gradient acting as a driving force for active uptake. Therefore, it is suggested that aquaglyceroporin and phenanthrene/H symporter are implicated in phenanthrene uptake. Our results provide insight into PAH uptake mechanism in wheat roots that is relevant to strategies for reducing PAH accumulation in wheat for food safety, improving phytoremediation of PAH-contaminated soils or water by agronomic practices and genetic modification to target remedial plants for higher PAH uptake capacity.     

外源有机酸对小飞扬草(Euphorbia thymifolia L.)修复镉污染土壤的影响

植物修复有许多优点,但当用于重金属含量较高的土壤时,通常修复效率较低。研究了添加外源柠檬酸、草酸、苹果酸对镉超积累植物小飞扬草(Euphorbia thymifolia L.)富集Cd的影响,以及3种外源有机酸对土壤pH、Cd形态及小飞扬草根系生理生化特性的影响,探讨利用有机酸强化小飞扬草修复镉污染土壤的可能性及其作用机制。结果表明,土壤Cd含量为247 mg/kg时,种植15 d后,3种有机酸均提高了小飞扬草根和地上部Cd含量,强化效果:草酸>柠檬酸>苹果酸,10 mmol/kg草酸的加入使小飞扬草地上部分Cd含量达最大值77.21 mg/kg,比对照组提高87.72%。加入有机酸使土壤pH从7.65下降至6.01~7.45,BCR三步提取法分析土壤Cd形态结果表明,酸溶态Cd含量增加,残渣态Cd含量减小。加入20 mmol/kg苹果酸降低了根系的活力和ATP酶活性,根细胞膜透性与对照组无显著性差异,而加入5、10和20 mmol/kg的柠檬酸、草酸和5、10 mmol/kg的苹果酸均显著增加了小飞扬草根系的活力和ATP酶活性,减小了根细胞膜透性。说明添加3种外源有机酸能强化小飞扬草修复Cd污染土壤,利用外源有机酸很有可能成为提高重金属污染土壤植物修复效率的有效途径。     

以红薯浸泡液为碳源的生物反硝化

为选择低碳氮比污水生物脱氮中合适的碳源,以搅拌罐浸泡淀粉类物质释放碳源,在确定利用红薯浸泡液为碳源后,以浸没式生物滤池为反应器进行生物反硝化实验。实验结果表明:20 g红薯置于2 L自来水中,采用250 r/m in的搅拌速度,搅拌频率为每搅拌3 h停1 h,2 d后得到的浸泡液COD浓度平均为5 921 mg/L,最高可超过7 000 mg/L;将此红薯浸泡液和污水以1∶50的流量比例,采用分别投加的方式进入反应器,污水中总氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮及氨氮的平均去除率分别为88.6%、91.6%、88.2%和54.8%,出水COD平均在30 mg/L以下;在红薯浸泡液COD浓度为5 700 mg/L左右时,进水中亚硝酸盐氮浓度与硝酸盐氮浓度比为3∶2时总氮去除率为95.3%,当该比例为2∶3时总氮去除率为88.2%。研究表明,红薯浸泡液是一种经济合适的碳源,采用红薯浸泡液作为低碳氮比污水生物处理中反硝化的碳源是可行的。     

CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐的吸附-解吸性能研究

采用溴化十六烷基吡啶(CPB)对天然沸石进行改性,并考察了CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐的吸附-解吸性能。结果表明,CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐具备一定的吸附能力,且吸附行为满足Langmuir等温吸附模型;粒径、改性剂投加量、反应温度、pH值及共存阴离子等因素均会影响CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐的吸附能力;减小粒径和降低反应温度均有利于CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐的吸附去除;粒径≤0.18 mm CPB改性沸石吸附磷酸盐较优的改性剂投加量为250 mmol/kg;当溶液的初始pH值位于4~10之间时CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐的吸附能力随pH值的增加而增强;SO42-的存在会明显降低CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐的吸附效率,而提高溶液的pH值有助于消除SO42-存在对CPB改性沸石吸附磷酸盐的负面影响;HCO3-的存在会一定程度上抑制CPB改性沸石对磷酸盐的吸附去除,而提高溶液的pH值无法消除HCO3-存在对CPB改性沸石吸附磷酸盐的负面影响;CPB改性沸石吸附磷酸盐后一定条件下可以重新解吸出来,且随着解吸液SO42-浓度的增加解吸率明显增大。     

酸碱度对生活垃圾焚烧厂沥滤液蒸发处理效果的影响

采用蒸发法处理城市生活垃圾焚烧厂垃圾沥滤液,着重考察了不同沥滤液初始pH值对蒸发去除COD和氨氮效果的影响,并采用GC-MS对蒸发冷凝液中有机物成分进行了分析鉴定.结果表明,生活垃圾沥滤液的初始pH对冷凝液中COD、氨氮含量及有机污染物分布产生了决定性的影响.沥滤液在酸性条件下(pH ≤ 6)蒸发,随着pH的增加,冷凝液中COD的含量线性降低,而氨氮的含量线性增加.当沥滤液的初始pH值从6增加到11,冷凝液中COD的含量呈对数函数降低,而氨氮的含量表现出显著增加趋势.从冷凝液中鉴定出38种有机污染物,多为沸点较低的醇、酸、酚和酯类.在酸性条件下(pH=3),冷凝液中挥发性有机酸和低碳醇的相对丰度接近90%.在近中性条件下(pH=6.2),冷凝液中的有机污染物以酚、酸和杂环类化合物为主.在碱性条件下(pH=11),冷凝液中酚和杂环类化合物占比较高,而酸的含量极少.     

对一起管道疏通机造成触电事故的分析

１９９９年７月１２日,在我市发生一起触电事故,死亡青工正名。当日上午７：４０某家庭服务队接到某饭店电话,说饭店２楼后厨下水道堵塞,请派人去疏通。于是贾××和另一名工人带上管道疏通机前去作业。８时许,２人来到现场,从墙上配电盘下方接好电源,然后试机准备...     

Experimental assessment on the moving capabilities of mobility-impaired disabled

To take into account reasonably the safety requirements of the disabled on emergency evacuation in the design, usage, management and emergency response of public places, the authors of this paper organized on-site experiments for 100 disabled individuals (40 people with no supporting tools, 20 people using a single crutch and 40 people two crutches) and 17 healthy people at a subway station in Beijing. The experiments were designed to measure the unimpeded free walking speed of the participants during horizontal and stair ascending/descending movement, and to assess the possible impact of passage width on movement speed. Based on the results of the tests, the authors systematically analyzed the speed variation patterns with disability grade, gender and passage width. The validity of the value of an important parameter for evacuation safety design in the prescribed fire codes in mainland China, the width of a single stream of people, is assessed. Finally the results of the experiments are compared with that from other researches to identify the similarities and differences between them.     

黄土地层构造差异成因及其对自然环境的影响

陕甘宁地块上广泛分布的黄土地层的破坏是黄河水患的主要原因,黄土地层有一定的抗侵蚀能力,但当被开垦时,其抗侵蚀能力会大幅降低,在陕甘宁黄土地层分布区减少,以至最终基本停止农耕而瞠步代之以林草,确系治黄的根本方略,陕北是黄土高原水土流失最严重的地区,是黄河泥沙最主要的来源地,但区内黄土地层受侵蚀的状况却具有分带性,北东和北西两组基底断裂构造对其有重要影响,并对毛乌素沙漠的位置以及无定河环形构造的活动状况有一定控制作用,这些都是在陕北开展山川秀美工程过程中必须考虑到的因素,由此得到启迪;在开发自然资源,环境保护和减灾工作中,必须首先认识环境的自然属性。