全文获取类型
收费全文 | 263篇 |
免费 | 3篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 5篇 |
废物处理 | 4篇 |
环保管理 | 19篇 |
综合类 | 62篇 |
基础理论 | 77篇 |
污染及防治 | 64篇 |
评价与监测 | 22篇 |
社会与环境 | 13篇 |
灾害及防治 | 1篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 1篇 |
2022年 | 3篇 |
2021年 | 5篇 |
2020年 | 2篇 |
2019年 | 3篇 |
2018年 | 3篇 |
2017年 | 10篇 |
2016年 | 9篇 |
2015年 | 13篇 |
2014年 | 13篇 |
2013年 | 21篇 |
2012年 | 14篇 |
2011年 | 18篇 |
2010年 | 13篇 |
2009年 | 15篇 |
2008年 | 16篇 |
2007年 | 19篇 |
2006年 | 11篇 |
2005年 | 9篇 |
2004年 | 11篇 |
2003年 | 8篇 |
2002年 | 4篇 |
2001年 | 3篇 |
2000年 | 2篇 |
1999年 | 4篇 |
1998年 | 2篇 |
1997年 | 6篇 |
1996年 | 3篇 |
1995年 | 3篇 |
1994年 | 5篇 |
1993年 | 2篇 |
1991年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1969年 | 1篇 |
1966年 | 1篇 |
1963年 | 1篇 |
1961年 | 1篇 |
1959年 | 3篇 |
1958年 | 1篇 |
1957年 | 1篇 |
1955年 | 2篇 |
1953年 | 1篇 |
1952年 | 1篇 |
1949年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有267条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
2.
Forest area figures, at a given point in time and for a given region of interest, differ considerably, affecting the calculation of deforestation rates and thus confuse the political and scientific discussion on the state and change of the resource forest. This article discusses the variation of published forest cover figures, using Costa Rica as an example. A list of published figures on the forest cover of Costa Rica from 1940 onwards is analyzed. Reasons for the differences are hypothesized and discussed. These differences are mainly in the definition of forest and forest classes included, in the type of the studies conducted (mapping and/or sampling), in the precision of the estimates, and in the information sources used. It is concluded that part of the problem is inherent in the nature of the resource `forest'. Quality and completeness of the presentation of the forest cover estimates are a clue to their correct understanding and interpretation. The latter point being especially relevant, as forest cover data have both a technical-scientific and a political meaning and are used as relevant arguments in many discussions. In the example of Costa Rica, a general downward trend is observed up to about 1985/1990, whereas after that forest area figures are on the average at a markedly higher level. Some hypotheses for this change in the trend are discussed. 相似文献
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Helmut Haberl Christoph Plutzar Karl-Heinz Erb Veronika Gaube Martin Pollheimer Niels B. Schulz 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2005,110(3-4):119-131
The relationship between land-use induced changes in production ecology and avifauna diversity was analysed using a GIS land cover dataset on a 0.25 km × 0.25 km grid covering Austria's national territory. Considering only aboveground processes, the “human appropriation of net primary production” (HANPP = potential NPP − NPPt), actual NPP (NPPact), harvest (NPPh) and NPPt (= NPPact − harvest) were recalculated based on existing datasets. Elevation as well as indicators of land cover heterogeneity and landscape heterogeneity were also considered. Correlation analyses were performed between these potential determinants of avifauna diversity and breeding bird species richness data as well as the percentage of endangered breeding birds included in the Austrian red list. Four spatial scales—0.25 km × 0.25 km, 1 km × 1 km, 4 km × 4 km and 16 × 16 km, were analysed. It was shown that breeding bird species richness was more strongly correlated with production ecological indicators and elevation than with heterogeneity indicators. A residual analysis in which the effect of elevation (a proxy for climate) on species richness and its potential determinants was removed confirmed the importance of the availability of trophic energy (NPP) for bird diversity patterns. The results support the species-energy hypothesis, thus confirming the notion that HANPP could be a useful pressure indicator for biodiversity loss. 相似文献
8.
9.
Doug P. Armstrong Elizabeth H. Parlato Barbara Egli Wendy J. Dimond Renske Kwikkel Åsa Berggren Mhairi McCready Kevin A. Parker John G. Ewen 《Conservation biology》2021,35(3):859-869
Inbreeding depression is an important long-term threat to reintroduced populations. However, the strength of inbreeding depression is difficult to estimate in wild populations because pedigree data are inevitably incomplete and because good data are needed on survival and reproduction. Predicting future population consequences is especially difficult because this also requires projecting future inbreeding levels and their impacts on long-term population dynamics, which are subject to many uncertainties. We illustrate how such projections can be derived through Bayesian state-space modeling methods based on a 26-year data set for North Island Robins (Petroica longipes) reintroduced to Tiritiri Matangi Island in 1992. We used pedigree data to model increases in the average inbreeding level (F ) over time based on kinship of possible breeding pairs and to estimate empirically Ne/N (effective/census population size). We used multiple imputation to model the unknown components of inbreeding coefficients, which allowed us to estimate effects of inbreeding on survival for all 1458 birds in the data set while modeling density dependence and environmental stochasticity. This modeling indicated that inbreeding reduced juvenile survival (1.83 lethal equivalents [SE 0.81]) and may have reduced subsequent adult survival (0.44 lethal equivalents [0.81]) but had no apparent effect on numbers of fledglings produced. Average inbreeding level increased to 0.10 (SE 0.001) as the population grew from 33 (0.3) to 160 (6) individuals over the 25 years, giving a ratio of 0.56 (0.01). Based on a model that also incorporated habitat regeneration, the population was projected to reach a maximum of 331–1144 birds (median 726) in 2130, then to begin a slow decline. Without inbreeding, the population would be expected stabilize at 887–1465 birds (median 1131). Such analysis, therefore, makes it possible to empirically derive the information needed for rational decisions about inbreeding management while accounting for multiple sources of uncertainty. 相似文献
10.
Christoph Oberlack 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2017,22(5):805-838
Institutions are one of the decisive factors which enable, constrain and shape adaptation to the impacts of climate change, variability and extreme events. However, current understanding of institutions in adaptation situations is fragmented across the scientific community, evidence diverges, and cumulative learning beyond single studies is limited. This study adopts a diagnostic approach to elaborate a nuanced understanding of institutional barriers and opportunities in climate adaptation by means of a model-centred meta-analysis of 52 case studies of public climate adaptation in Europe. The first result is a novel taxonomy of institutional attributes in adaptation situations. It conceptually organises and decomposes the many details of institutions that empirical research has shown to shape climate adaptation. In the second step, the paper identifies archetypical patterns of institutional traps and trade-offs which hamper adaptation. Thirdly, corresponding opportunities are identified that enable actors to alleviate, prevent or overcome specific institutional traps or trade-offs. These results cast doubt on the validity of general institutional design principles for successful adaptation. In contrast to generic principles, the identified opportunities provide leverage to match institutions to specific governance problems that are encountered in specific contexts. Taken together, the results may contribute to more coherence and integration of adaptation research that we need if we are to foster learning about the role of institutions in adaptation situations in a cumulative fashion. 相似文献