膜表面光接枝改性的研究现状及展望

本文介绍了利用紫外光将单体接枝到聚合物表面的技术原理与条件,并介绍了分离膜表面进行光接枝聚合的研究进展及发展趋势。     

煤化工废水零排放系统反渗透过程的水质变化特征

反渗透(RO)系统的稳定运行是煤化工厂废水实现零排放的关键。以我国北方某煤化工厂废水零排放(ZLD)系统为对象,重点分析多级RO过程中溶解性有机物(DOM)的变化特征,明确关键有机物的组成,并评价ZLD系统的运行特征与效能。结果表明,预处理可有效降低废水硬度,其他离子与污染物主要在RO阶段去除。废水中DOM主要以芳香蛋白类物质、腐殖质类物质和微生物代谢产物(SMP)类物质为主。预处理阶段对SiO₂的混凝去除效果较差(25.40%),RO进水SiO₂浓度较高,两级RO过程和高效反渗透段(HERO)对SiO₂的浓缩倍数分别为5.36/3.83,存在较高的膜面Si污染潜势。中水RO阶段有效截留腐殖质类和蛋白质类物质,而浓水RO阶段对色氨酸和SMP的去除效果较差。硅与有机物污染是RO过程的主要问题,因此,需强化预处理阶段有机物和硅的去除、优化药剂投加策略,加强对DOM和微生物的控制,进而实现系统运行效能的提升并减缓膜污染。     

电渗析技术的新进展

电渗析技术是膜分离技术之一 ,由于具有高效、低能耗等特点已经被多个行业广泛使用。本文阐述了几种新的电渗析技术 ,包括无隔板电渗析、填充床电渗析、双极膜电渗析等 ,并探讨和综述其研究现状和发展前景。     

Formation and control of nitrogenous DBPs from Western Australian source waters: Investigating the impacts of high nitrogen and bromide concentrations

We studied the formation of four nitrogenous DBPs(N-DBPs) classes(haloacetonitriles,halonitromethanes, haloacetamides, and N-nitrosamines), as well as trihalomethanes and total organic halogen(TOX), after chlorination or chloramination of source waters. We also evaluated the relative and additive toxicity of N-DBPs and water treatment options for minimisation of N-DBPs. The formation of halonitromethanes, haloacetamides, and N-nitrosamines was higher after chloramination and positively correlated with dissolved organic nitrogen or total nitrogen. N-DBPs were major contributors to the toxicity of both chlorinated and chloraminated waters. The strong correlation between bromide concentration and the overall calculated DBP additive toxicity for both chlorinated and chloraminated source waters demonstrated that formation of brominated haloacetonitriles was the main contributor to toxicity. Ozone–biological activated carbon treatment was not effective in removing N-DBP precursors. The occurrence and formation of N-DBPs should be investigated on a case-by-case basis, especially where advanced water treatment processes are being considered to minimise their formation in drinking waters, and where chloramination is used for final disinfection.     

广州高峰期典型公交车站候车人群颗粒物暴露特征分析

为探究城市居民在不同用地类型公交车站候车时的颗粒物暴露情况,使用Grimm Aerosol 11-A便携式气溶胶光学粒径谱仪对广州市12个典型公交车站的颗粒物暴露水平进行平行监测.结果表明,12个公交车站的PM1、PM2.5和PM10平均暴露质量浓度分别为32.82 μg/m2、49.00 μg/m2和125.46 μg/m2;海港型黄埔区的公交车站颗粒物平均暴露质量浓度高于中心城区海珠区,尤其是工业型车站,而海珠区暴露质量浓度最高的车站类型是住宅型.不同公交车站颗粒物粒径分布相似,均集中在积聚模态,为0.25～1 μm,其中海珠区PM1暴露更突出,而黄埔区则以医疗型和工业型为代表,粗粒径颗粒物暴露更为严重.不同用地类型公交车站与总人群暴露剂量及暴露质量浓度规律存在差异,受人群出行需求影响,暴露质量浓度高的工业型车站表现出低水平的总人群暴露剂量,而海珠区总人群暴露剂量最高为住宅型和文娱型车站,黄埔区总人群暴露剂量最高为医疗型车站.公交车站以成人为出行主体,占比达总候车人群的80％以上,其暴露剂量也最高,为总暴露剂量的74％～99％.中心城区海珠区的老人总暴露剂量高于儿童,而海港型黄埔区则在医疗型、文娱型和住宅型车站表现出相反的规律.     

Online single particle analysis of chemical composition and mixing state of crop straw burning particles: from laboratory study to field measurement

Fresh straw burning (SB) particles were generated in the laboratory by the combustion of rice straw and corn straw. The chemical composition and mixing state of the fresh SB particles were investigated by an Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS). Based on the mass spectral patterns, the SB particles were clustered into four major types: Salt, Organic Carbon (OC), Elemental Carbon (EC), and internally mixed particles of EC and OC (EC-OC). In addition, particles containing ash, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals or nicotine were also observed. Physical and chemical changes of the SB particles immediately after the emission were analyzed with highly time-resolved data. During the aging processes, the average particle size increased steadily. Freshly emitted organic compounds were gradually oxidized to more oxygenated compounds in the OC-containing particles. Meanwhile, an important displacement reaction (2KCl+ SO42−→ K₂SO₄ + 2Cl⁻) was observed. The marker ions for SB particles were optimized and applied to identify the SB particles in the ambient atmosphere. The fluctuation of the number fraction of ambient SB particles sorted by ATOFMS agrees well with that of water soluble K⁺ measured by an online ion chromatography, demonstrating that the optimized marker ions could be good tracers for SB particles in field measurements.     

猪粪中21种常见抗生素的同步提取检测方法研究及应用

为实现猪粪中抗生素的有效削减及控制,迫切需要开发快速、同步兽用抗生素的检测分析方法,明确猪粪中多种类抗生素赋存特征.本研究建立并优化了猪粪中21种常见抗生素的同步分析方法.该方法采用甲醇和Na2EDTA-McIlvaine缓冲溶液（1∶1,V/V）提取,提取液经固相萃取净化后高效液相色谱串联质谱检测.猪粪样品中5种四环素类、2种β-内酰胺类、6种大环内酯类、4种磺胺类和4种喹诺酮类抗生素的内标定量回收率29.53%—116.36%,检出限0.90—26μg·kg^-1 DS,定量限2.91—85.20μg·kg^-1DS,相关系数R2均大于0.997.采用该方法对单个猪场不同畜舍样品加标回收率的单因素方差分析发现,除了四环素-D6（TC-D6）有显著性影响之外,其它内标回收率在不同样品中无显著性影响.分别采集不同地区2个猪场的猪粪样品进行验证分析,发现猪粪样品中单个抗生素含量范围在ND—99.37 mg·kg^-1DS.结果表明,该方法可用于猪粪中多种类抗生素的同步检测.     

聚砜中空纤维超滤膜动态法表面光接枝改性

以二苯甲酮(BP)为光引发剂，丙烯酰胺(AAM)为接枝单体，以先用紫外光照射引发剂，然后将引发剂和单体分步输送到膜上的方法对聚砜单内皮层中空纤维超滤膜的内表面进行接枝改性。实验表明，改性后膜的表面亲水性有所上升，膜孔径也有一定程度的减小。证明该方法具有可行性，并有进一步发展的潜力。     

Characterization of aerosol optical properties, chemical composition and mixing states in the winter season in Shanghai, China

Physical and chemical properties of ambient aerosols at the single particle level were studied in Shanghai from December 22 to 28, 2009. A Cavity-Ring-Down Aerosol Extinction Spectrometer（CRD-AES） and a nephelometer were deployed to measure aerosol light extinction and scattering properties, respectively. An Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer（ATOFMS）was used to detect single particle sizes and chemical composition. Seven particle types were detected. Air parcels arrived at the sampling site from the vicinity of Shanghai until mid-day of December 25, when they started to originate from North China. The aerosol extinction,scattering, and absorption coefficients all dropped sharply when this cold, clean air arrived.Aerosol particles changed from a highly aged type before this meteorological shift to a relatively fresh type afterwards. The aerosol optical properties were dependent on the wind direction.Aerosols with high extinction coefficient and scattering Angstrom exponent（SAE） were observed when the wind blew from the west and northwest, indicating that they were predominantly fine particles. Nitrate and ammonium correlated most strongly with the change in aerosol optical properties. In the elemental carbon/organic carbon（ECOC） particle type, the diurnal trends of single scattering albedo（SSA） and elemental carbon（EC） signal intensity had a negative correlation. We also found a negative correlation（r =-0.87） between high mass-OC particle number fraction and the SSA in a relatively clean period, suggesting that particulate aromatic components might play an important role in light absorption in urban areas.