Groundwater quality of north-east Libya

The quality of groundwater was assessed to their suitability for drinking at six places of north-east Libya viz. El-Marj, Albayda, Shahat, Susa, Ras al-Hilal and Derna, during November, 2003 to March, 2004, by determining their physicochemical parameters (17 parameters) and water quality index (15 parameters). The temperatures of water samples averaged 15.1 degree C, pH values were alkaline and dissolved oxygen values were in safe ranges. Electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and hardness of water at all places except Susa were within the standard limits. Alkalinity of well water at all six places exceeded, and chlorine and chloride (except Susa) were within the desirable limits set for them. Fluoride and nitrate contaminations of well water were not observed, and only very low values of phosphorus, manganese, chromium, iron and zinc were recorded. Copper in well water was generally high, and at Susa and Ras al-Hilal, it exceeded the desirable limit. Parametric ratios showed that all parameters studied except those of pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity and total chlorine originated from sources different from that of hardness. Water quality index (WQI) revealed that well water of Albayda and Shahat were good for drinking and were only slightly polluted, whereas those of El-Marj, Ras al-Hilal and Derna were moderately polluted. However, the well water of Susa was excessively polluted and was unsuitable for drinking. Suitable suggestions were made to improve the quality of groundwater of N.E. Libya.     

南京长江隧道火灾数值模拟

以南京长江隧道为研究背景,运用火灾动力学模拟软件PYROSIM建立实体物理模型,并将空间划分为0.1 ×0.1 ×0.1m3的网格,对南京长江隧道火灾过程中的纵向通风进行模拟计算.定量分析了不同通风速率条件下火灾及烟气蔓延的规律,并得到隧道拱顶附近温度和烟气分布状况.模拟结果显示较小风速下烟气会产生回流,但随着风速增大烟气扩散速率随之加快,通过对3种不同风速的分析比较,选择3.0m/s纵向通风作为临界风速.进一步结合南京长江隧道现有的消防设施及应急救援系统,分析该临界风速下烟气温度对隧道结构和毒害气体对人员疏散救援的影响.结果显示此临界风速下隧道结构安全,且在疏散及时、救援有效的基础上,基本能保证人员疏散安全.