中国南方7省冰冻天气时空分布规律研究

利用我国南方7省1951～2008年112站逐日气象资料,采用极差标准化数据处理技术,设计了可反映我国南方地区冰冻天气时空分布的综合指标体系。指标体系定义了冰冻日、单站冰冻天气过程、综合冰冻指数及区域持续性冰冻过程,并基于综合冰冻指数分位数,对冰冻天气过程进行了分级。给出了发生区域持续性冰冻过程年度的冰冻起止时间和地理分布范围,通过对冰冻日、雨凇雾凇日、冰冻指数及其重现期等项目分析,揭示了我国南方地区冰冻天气时空分布规律,主要有：（1）我国南方地区发生区域持续性冰冻灾害天气最严重的前5位分别为2008、1955、1984、1964、1957年度,其中2007～2008年度最严重。1951～2008年冰冻日数和冰冻指数减小明显;（2）贵州是我国南方地区冰冻天气最为严重省份,其次为安徽、湖南和湖北。冰冻天气与海拔高度相关性较好,海拔越高,冰冻越严重;（3）我国南方地区的冰冻天气,贵州和湖南南部地区以冻雨为主,其他地区以降雪为主。经评估分析,综合冰冻天气指数具有时间和空间可比性,可较好地描述大范围冰冻天气的时空分布规律     

染整废水深度处理纳滤工艺膜污染成因分析

为调查棉针织染整废水纳滤脱盐系统膜污染的类型和成因,使用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜-EDX能谱仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、热重分析仪、高倍光学显微镜和X射线荧光光谱仪,从膜进水水质、膜过程污染状况和膜清洗效果等三方面进行了联合互补检测和综合分析.结果表明,棉针织染整废水脱盐过程中纳滤膜的污染类型包括无机污染、有机污染和微生物污染;干燥(105℃)的污染物成分组成中结合水所占质量分数约8.2%,有机成分所占质量分数约41.0%,无机成分所占质量分数约50.8%;在无机污染物中铁盐污染较为突出,有机污染物所包含的主要官能团为—OH、—CH和—CC,微生物污染物中包含原生动物和后生动物;短期膜污染和长期膜污染分析结果表明有机污染和微生物污染的形成需要长时间的累积效应;纳滤膜清洗试验结果表明,有机污染和微生物污染是引起膜通量下降的主要原因,两者对膜通量影响的贡献率约53.3%.     

High cadmium adsorption on nanoscale zero-valent iron coated Eichhornia crassipes biochar

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Overgrowth of Eichhornia crassipes, or water hyacinth, in local waters is a major concern, which has caused severe ecological disasters. Moreover, once the E....     

Assessment of hydraulic redistribution on desert riparian forests in an extremely arid area

The roots of Populus euphratica, a plant that grows in the lower reaches of the Tarim River, Northwest China, exhibit a significant level of hydraulic redistribution; however, quantitative assessments of the water-sharing process and its ecological effects are limited. This study was designed to obtain such data using an assessment model based on field observation parameters, including soil water content (soil water potential), root distribution, and stable isotope δ¹⁸O values of soil and plant samples during the entire growing season. The results showed that hydraulic redistribution in P. euphratica can be detected in 0–120 cm soil layers, with the amount of hydraulically redistributed water (HRW) in the soil found at different depths as follows: 60–80?>?40–60?>?20–40?>?0–20?>?80–100?>?100–120 cm. The variations in HRW in soil layers can be partly attributed to the vertical distribution of roots. The denser roots found at greater depths positively influenced the amount of redistributed water in lower soil layers. During the growing season, the amount of HRW reached a daily average of 0.27 mm, which allowed increased transpiration and provided an adequate water supply to herbs. Based on the stable isotope (δ¹⁸O) data, the amount of HRW provided by the roots of P. euphratica could meet 22–41 % of its water demand.     

一株辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其降解

采用TX-100为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基进行筛选,经过富集、分离和纯化获得了一株能够耐高浓度TX-100且降解性能较好的降解菌,命名为H1.对细菌H1进行形态学观察、生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA (GenBank Accession No.KC505179)序列相似性分析,初步鉴定为醋酸钙不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter calcoaceticus).通过对菌株H1降解TX-100的产物分析,初步推断TX-100的降解模式为末端氧化,先从EO末端氧化,醚键断裂,形成短链的化合物,同时释放出乙醛酸.质粒检测和消除试验表明,控制菌H1降解TX-100的基因位于质粒上.     

载镧生物炭的优化制备及其对水体中砷的吸附

以玉米秸秆为原材料优化制备用于吸附水体中五价砷的载镧生物炭(La-biochar),对其表面进行了系统表征,同时考察了环境条件对载镧生物炭吸附性能的影响.结果表明:相比负载前生物炭,负载后生物炭表面更粗糙,比表面积增大4.6倍,同时表面成功负载有大量镧元素.以获取对五价砷的最大吸附能力为目的,通过响应面模型获得La-biochar的优化制备条件为:物料比w(La)/w(秸秆)=9.47%,停留时间=20min,热解温度=300oC.中性和酸性环境条件有利于La-biochar对砷酸根的吸附,而碱性条件则有不利影响;较高浓度的CO32-显著降低其对砷酸根吸附,而同样浓度的Cl-和F-不会造成明显影响.     

Influence of variation in the operating conditions on PCDD/F distribution in a full-scale MSW incinerator

Optimizing the operating parameters to minimize polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDD/F) emission is the common interest of the municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration industry. In this study, we investigated the distribution of tetra- to octa-CDD/F along the flue gas line in a full-scale reciprocating grate incinerator and evaluated the effects of temperature control and O(2) level on PCDD/F formation. Six runs were laid out and all performed under sufficient burning conditions, in which the combustion efficiency of MSW was more than 99.9%. The total concentration of tetra- to octa-CDD/F measured at the boiler outlet showed an increasing tendency with the increase of boiler outlet temperature (T(B)) from 214 degrees C to 264 degrees C. When flue gas ran across the semi-dry scrubber and cyclone precipitator, in which the temperature varied from 264 degrees C to 162 degrees C, the concentrations of the lower chlorinated dioxins and furans were significantly raised, especially for the TCDF. Increasing O(2) supply from 6.0% to 10.5% essentially led to a higher yield of tetra- to octa-PCDD/F, suggested that under sufficient burning conditions the lower O(2) level was favorable for reducing PCDD/F formation and emission. The variation of O(2) level did not give rise to a systematical change of PCDD/F homologue pattern. For all measurements, the isomer distributions of tetra- to hepta-PCDD/F were more or less the same, nearly independent of variations in the operating conditions and sampling positions. Only the significant increase of the sum of 1,3,7,8-TCDF and 1,3,7,9-TCDF was found in the zone after the boiler section.