全氟辛酸对大鼠海马细胞内钙离子浓度的影响

采用连续灌胃染毒的方法,探讨了全氟辛酸(Perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)经口急性染毒对大鼠海马细胞内钙离子浓度的影响.选择雄性Wistar大鼠40只,实验组PFOA染毒剂量分别为2、8、30mg·kg-1(bw).连续灌胃染毒7天后,制备海马单细胞悬液,采用Fura-2/AM荧光探针法测定海马细胞内游离钙离子浓度([Ca2+]i),使用固相萃取-高效液相色谱/质谱联机法(HPLC/MS-MIS)检测血清与脑组织中PFOA浓度.结果表明,染毒组大鼠血清与脑中PFOA浓度均显著高于对照组水平(p<0.01),血清与脑中PFOA浓度之间存在显著的正相关关系(r2=0.611,p<0.01).PFOA染毒8、30mg·kg-1(bw)实验组海马细胞[Ca2+]i分别为(207.89±22.84)nmol·L-1和(284.19±14.75)nmol·L-1,显著高于对照组((141.68±11.47)nmol·L-1)和PFOA染毒2mg·kg-1(bw)实验组((147.38±19.23)nmol·L-1)(p<0.01).大鼠脑、血清中PFOA浓度分别与海马[Ca2+]i存在正相关关系(r2=0.552,p<0.01;r2=0.756,p<0.01).研究结果显示,PFOA暴露可使血清和脑组织中PFOA浓度增加,引起大鼠海马神经元细胞[Ca2+]i升高.     

Rapid Evolution in the Wild: Changes in Body Size, Life-History Traits, and Behavior in Hunted Populations of the Japanese Mamushi Snake

Abstract:  Rapid evolution caused by human exploitation of wildlife is not usually addressed in studies of the impacts of such exploitation despite its direct relevance to population persistence. Japanese mamushi ( Gloydius blomhoffii ), an endemic venomous snake of the Japanese archipelago, has been heavily hunted by humans, and many populations appear to be declining or are already extirpated. We compared local populations that have been hunted regularly with populations that have not been hunted. Mamushi in hunted populations were smaller, had fewer vertebrae, produced more and smaller offspring, had increased reproductive effort among smaller females, and in nature fled at greater distances from an approaching human and were less defensive than mamushi in unhunted populations, as predicted from life-history theory. Heritability estimates for body size, number of vertebrae, and antipredator behavior were statistically significant, and neonates from hunted sites showed the same distribution of altered characters (compared with those from unhunted sites) as adults. Thus, distribution of the divergent trait between hunted and unhunted sites appeared in part to be genetically based, which suggests rapid evolution to human predation pressures. Trait distributions in hunted populations probably deviate from naturally (as opposed to anthropogenically) selected optima and, therefore, may have long-term negative repercussions on population persistence. Because rapid evolution affects a suite of parameters that characterize exploited populations, accurate understanding of the impacts of exploitation and effective resource management and conservation can only be achieved if evolutionary consequences are considered explicitly.     

水分对堆积状态褐煤自燃特性影响研究

为研究水分对低阶煤在堆积状态下自然发火特性的影响,基于Frank-Kamenetskii理论,采用开放式恒温加热试验法,分析不同水分含量(4%～23%)白音华褐煤的升温过程及临界自燃着火温度。进一步研究不同煤样粒径(0.5～5 mm)和煤堆体积(1.25～10×10⁵ mm³)条件下,水分对堆积褐煤自燃特性的影响。结果表明,不同水分含量煤堆升温规律基本一致,根据中心点升温速率,可将煤样升温过程划分为4个动态阶段。相同粒径及体积条件下,水分含量越高,煤样临界自燃着火温度越高,抑制升温时间越长,表征内在水分蒸发强度的k值越大;相同水分及体积条件下,k值随粒径的增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势;相同水分及粒径条件下,煤堆体积越大,其临界自燃着火温度越低,水分的蒸发对不同体积煤堆自燃均表现出抑制作用。     

我国部分地区自来水和不同水体中的PFOS污染

采用高效液相色谱/质谱仪联机选择离子监测(LC/MS-SIM, m/z = 499)方法,测定了我国部分城市自来水、地面水、地下水和海水中的全氟辛磺酸(PFOS)含量.从全部样品中均检测到PFOS,表明我国境内水环境中普遍存在着PFOS污染.被调查部分城市自来水、海水和远离人类活动地区的水中PFOS浓度大多数低于1ng/L,容易受到生活污水和工业废水污染的水中PFOS浓度范围为1.50～44.6ng/L.     

堆积状态下低品质煤临界自燃着火点测定与研究

为了研究低品质煤炭堆积状态下内部自热理论,采用临界自燃着火点理论和Frank-Kamenetskii 模型研究了煤堆内部热产生与热散失平衡理论以及煤堆表面的换热现象;并应用设计研发的煤堆热扩散率及温度监测实验装置和测定方法来评估低品质煤样（褐煤以及亚烟煤）临界自燃温度。结果表明:煤样堆积状态下临界自燃着火点温度可通过实验室内测定分析不同体积网框在不同环境温度条件下自热曲线得出;同体积条件下,临界自燃着火点随着煤品质的升高而增加;在140 ℃ 环境条件下,1#,2# 和3# 煤样在快速升温的前20 min内,温度变化趋势相似;在60~65 ℃,3种煤样出现温度转折点,升温速率开始减缓;根据煤样临界自燃着火点温度结合F-K热发火边界条件理论得出的堆积体积与着火点耦合关系式可预测大体积煤样自燃倾向性及临界自燃温度。