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Henneken H Lindahl R Ostin A Vogel M Levin JO Karst U 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2003,5(1):100-105
A diffusive sampling method for the determination of methyl isocyanate (MIC) in air is introduced. MIC is collected using a glass fiber filter impregnated with 4-nitro-7-piperazinobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBDPZ). The urea derivative formed is desorbed from the filter with acetonitrile and analyzed by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using fluorescence detection (FLD) with lambdaex = 471 nm and lambdaex = 540 nm. Additionally, a method was developed using tandem mass spectrometric (MS-MS) detection, which was performed as selected reaction monitoring (SRM) on the transition [MIC-NBDPZ + H]+ (m/z 307) to [NBDPZ + H]+ (m/z 250). The diffusive sampler was tested with MIC concentrations between 1 and 35 microg m(-3). The sampling periods varied from 15 min to 8 h, and the relative humidity (RH) was set from 20% up to 80%. The sampling rate for all 15 min experiments was determined to be 15.0 mL min(-1) (using HPLC-FLD) with a relative standard deviation of 9.9% for 56 experiments. At 80% RH, only 15 min sampling gave acceptable results. Further experiments revealed that humidity did not affect the MIC derivative but the reagent on the filter prior to and during sampling. The sampling rate for all experiments (including long term sampling) performed at 20% RH was found to be 15.0 mL min(-1) with a relative standard deviation of 6.3% (N = 42). The limit of quantification was 3 microg m(-3) (LC-MS-MS: 1.3 microg m(-3)) for 15 min sampling periods and 0.2 microg m(-3) (LC-MS-MS: 0.15 microg m(-3)) for 8 h sampling runs applying fluorescence detection. 相似文献
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The Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), a governmental research institute, provides information on environmental and health risks. The primary contractors’ information demands are served well. But the risk information available from the RIVM does not always correspond to the desires and requirements of other parties concerned. It became apparent that – to a certain extent – an information gap exists, arising from a difference between the institute’s information supply and the information demand of the different parties concerned.This explorative study focuses on the information demand and supply with regard to three different risks: flooding by rivers, air pollution and food related risks.For each risk, the information supply was determined by listing the available risk information in RIVM reports. In a second step, the information demand of the five different parties, as well as different channels of communication, were examined. The parties’ perceptions and requirements concerning risk information were identified in interviews and focus group discussions.The public, which in general appeared to be quite unfamiliar with the institute and its information sources, preferred risk information tailored to its personal circumstances. Policy makers mainly appreciated personal contacts in order to keep up to date on risk topics, whereas NGOs and fellow researchers judged the institute’s website and reports to be more relevant. Press releases appeared to add little to satisfying the information demand of the media. 相似文献
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Hans-Jürgen jáger Hartmut Klein 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):464-466
Biochemical and physiological experiments were conducted on pea plants (Pisum sativum) continuously exposed in growth chambers to SO2 gas for 18 days. S02 gas concentrations were 0.1, 0.15, and 0.25 ppm. In plants exposed to 0.1 and 0.15 ppm it was clearly demonstrated that there was a greater accumulation of inorganic sulfur, a reduced buffer capacity of the cells relative to H-ions, and a stimulation of glutamate dehydrogenase activity. The only macroscopic symptom seen was slight chlorosis of the older leaves. There was only a slight decrease in fresh and dry weights of these plants compared to the control plants whereas in the group of plants exposed to 0.25 ppm SO2 foliage necrosis was considerable. In addition, there was a marked reduction in the fresh and dry weights of the latter plants. However, the relationship among accumulated inorganic sulfur, reduced buffer capacity, and increased glutamate dehydrogenase activity as seen for the lower S02 concentrations was close. Accordingly, if might be possible to use these three parameters to diagnose S02 injury before any significant symptoms appear. In the case of severe SO2 injury there was a marked increase in glutamine and ammonia concentrations suggesting that these factors in addition to the above could be used in diagnosing severe SO2 injury. There was no significant difference between plants treated with 0.1 or 0.15 ppm SO2 and control plants in the contents of K, Ca, P, and N fractions. Therefore, these factors would not be useful in the early detection of SO2 injury. 相似文献
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J. S. Evans P. L. Kinney J. L. Koehler D. W. Cooper 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(5):551-553
Abstract There is a dearth of information on dust emissions from sources that are unique to the U.S. Department of Defense testing and training activities. However, accurate emissions factors are needed for these sources so that military installations can prepare accurate particulate matter (PM) emission inventories. One such source, coarse and fine PM (PM10 and PM2.5) emissions from artillery backblast testing on improved gun positions, was characterized at the Yuma Proving Ground near Yuma, AZ, in October 2005. Fugitive emissions are created by the shockwave from artillery pieces, which ejects dust from the surface on which the artillery is resting. Other contributions of PM can be attributed to the combustion of the propellants. For a 155–mm howitzer firing a range of propellant charges or zones, amounts of emitted PM10 ranged from ~19 g of PM10 per firing event for a zone 1 charge to 92 g of PM10 per firing event for a zone 5. The corresponding rates for PM2.5 were ~9 g of PM2.5 and 49 g of PM2.5 per firing. The average measured emission rates for PM10 and PM2.5 appear to scale with the zone charge value. The measurements show that the estimated annual contributions of PM10 (52.2 t) and PM2.5 (28.5 t) from artillery backblast are insignificant in the context of the 2002 U.S. Environment Protection Agency (EPA) PM emission inventory. Using national–level activity data for artillery fire, the most conservative estimate is that backblast would contribute the equivalent of 5 x 10–4% and 1.6 x 10–3% of the annual total PM10 and PM2.5 fugitive dust contributions, respectively, based on 2002 EPA inventory data. 相似文献
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Minkang Zhi Kai Zhang Xi Zhang Hartmut Herrmann Jian Gao Khanneh Wadinga Fomba Wei Tang Yuqian Luo Huanhuan Li Fan Meng 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2022,34(4):194-203
Over the past few decades, the metal elements(MEs) in atmospheric particles have aroused great attention. Some well-established techniques have been used to measure particlebound MEs. However, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of complexity, accuracy, and specific elements of interest. In this study, the performances of inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry(ICP-OES) and total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy(TXRF) were evaluated for qualit... 相似文献
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