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1.
Karin Andersson Merete Hgaas Eide Ulrika Lundqvist Berit Mattsson 《Journal of Cleaner Production》1998,6(3-4)
The feasibility of combining the concept of sustainability principles and the methodology of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is examined. The goal is to achieve an operational tool that incorporates sustainability in product development and strategic planning. While the method outlined has the structure of LCA, it emphasises aspects and parameters often omitted from traditional LCA. The analysis and results can be either qualitative or semi-quantitative. Although a qualitative analysis is less time consuming, it can still highlight the important issues. Qualitative information, which is easily lost in a quantitative analysis, can be emphasised. One of the conclusions is that the method is well suited for screening analysis. 相似文献
2.
Carbon Dioxide Balance of Wood Substitution: Comparing Concrete- and Wood-Framed Buildings 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Leif Gustavsson Kim Pingoud Roger Sathre 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2006,11(3):667-691
In this study a method is suggested to compare the net carbon dioxide (CO2) emission from the construction of concrete- and wood-framed buildings. The method is then applied to two buildings in Sweden
and Finland constructed with wood frames, compared with functionally equivalent buildings constructed with concrete frames.
Carbon accounting includes: emissions due to fossil fuel use in the production of building materials; the replacement of fossil
fuels by biomass residues from logging, wood processing, construction and demolition; carbon stock changes in forests and
buildings; and cement process reactions. The results show that wood-framed construction requires less energy, and emits less
CO2 to the atmosphere, than concrete-framed construction. The lifecycle emission difference between the wood- and concrete-framed
buildings ranges from 30 to 130 kg C per m2 of floor area. Hence, a net reduction of CO2 emission can be obtained by increasing the proportion of wood-based building materials, relative to concrete materials. The
benefits would be greatest if the biomass residues resulting from the production of the wood building materials were fully
used in energy supply systems. The carbon mitigation efficiency, expressed in terms of biomass used per unit of reduced carbon
emission, is considerably better if the wood is used to replace concrete building material than if the wood is used directly
as biofuel. 相似文献
3.
Jussi Kosonen Leif Kronberg 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(5):555-564
Background, aim and scope Each year, large quantities of pharmaceuticals are consumed worldwide for the treatment and prevention of human and animal
diseases. Although the drugs and the metabolites observed in the wastewaters and in the environment are present at concentrations
several orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations required to exert their effects in humans or animals, their long-term
impact on the environment is commonly not known. In this study, the occurrence of six antihistamines, which are used for the
relief of allergic reactions such as hay fever, was determined in sewage treatment plants wastewaters and in recipient river
waters.
Materials and methods The occurrence of the antihistamines cetirizine, acrivastine, fexofenadine, loratadine, desloratadine and ebastine in sewage
treatment plants wastewaters and in recipient river waters was studied. The analytical procedure consisted of solid-phase
extraction of the water samples followed by liquid chromatography separation and detection by a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer
in the multiple reaction mode.
Results Cetirizine, acrivastine and fexofenadine were detected in both influent and effluent wastewater samples at concentration levels
ranging from about 80 to 220 ng/L, while loratadine, desloratadine and ebastine could not be detected in any samples. During
sewage treatment, the concentration of the antihistamines dropped by an average of 16–36%. Furthermore, elevated concentrations
of antihistamines were observed in samples collected during the season of most intensive plant pollen production, i.e. in
May. In the river water samples, the relative pattern of occurrence of cetirizine, acrivastine and fexofenadine was similar
to that in the wastewater samples; although the concentration of the compounds was substantially lower (4–11 ng/L). The highest
concentrations of the studied drugs were observed near the discharging point of the sewage treatment plant.
Discussion The highest concentrations of antihistamines in STP wastewaters correlate with the outbreak of allergic reaction caused by
high amounts of plant pollens in the air. The analysis results of the river water samples show that the antihistamines are
carried far away from the effluent discharge points. They may account for a part of the mix of pharmaceuticals and of pharmaceutical
metabolites that occur downstream of STPs.
Conclusions Antihistamines are poorly degraded/eliminated under the biological treatment processes applied in the wastewater treatment
plants and, consequently, they are continuously being discharged along with other drugs to the aquatic environment.
Recommendations and perspectives As a huge quantity and variety of drugs and their metabolites are continuously discharged to rivers and the sea, the compounds
should be considered as contaminants that may possess risks to the aquatic ecosystem. Further studies are urgently needed
on the environmental fate of the antihistamines and other pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. These studies should
be concerned with the stability of the compounds, their transformation reactions and the identity of the transformation products,
the distribution of drugs and their uptake and effects in organisms. On the basis of these studies, the possible environmental
hazards of pharmaceuticals may be assessed. 相似文献
4.
In many species reproduction and embryonic development have been shown to be sensitive to environmental contaminants. Understanding embryonic exposure to environmental contaminants is thus highly important. In this study concentrations of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were measured in zebrafish eggs after parental exposure for 42 days via the diet. Zebrafish were exposed to two doses of eleven structurally-diverse BFRs. Eight BFRs were detected in the female zebrafish and maternal transfer to eggs was evident for all eight compounds. The highest concentrations in eggs were observed for hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and 2,4,4'-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE 28), followed by 2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 183) and tetrabromobisphenol A 2,3-dibromopropyl ether (TBBPA DBPE). Five potential BFR metabolites were tentatively identified in female fish and maternal transfer was observed also for these compounds. The lipid adjusted concentrations in eggs were significantly higher than the concentrations in female fish for several of the BFRs. Further, the results showed a generally higher transfer in the lower exposure level and also indicated a dependency on the physico-chemical properties of the compounds. 相似文献
5.
A method to estimate the impact of clear-cutting on nutrient concentrations in boreal headwater streams 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Large-scale forestry operations, like clear-cutting, may impair surface water quality if not done with environmental considerations in mind. Catchment and country level estimates of nutrient loads from forestry are generally based on specific export values, i.e., changes in annual exports due to the implemented forestry operations expressed in kg ha−1. We introduce here a specific concentration approach as a method to estimate the impact of clear-cutting on nutrient concentrations and export in headwater streams. This new method is potentially a more dynamic and flexible tool to estimate nutrient loads caused by forestry, because variation in annual runoff can be taken into account in load assessments. We combined water quality data from eight boreal headwater catchment pairs located in Finland and Sweden, where the effect of clear-cutting on stream water quality has been studied experimentally. Statistically significant specific concentration values could be produced for total nitrogen, nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate. The significant increases in the concentrations of these nutrients occurred between 2 and 6 years after clear-cutting. Significant specific concentration values could not be produced for total phosphorus and total organic carbon with the whole dataset, although in some single studies significant increases in their concentrations after clear-cutting were observed. The presented method enables taking into account variation in runoff, temporal dynamics of effects, and the proportional size of the treated area in load calculations. The number of existing studies considering large site-specific variation in responses to clear-cutting is small, and therefore further empirical studies are needed to improve predictive capabilities of the specific concentration values. 相似文献
6.
7.
This paper explores the concept of homegardens and their potential functions as strategic elements in land-use planning, and adaptation and mitigation to climate change in Sri Lanka. The ancient and locally adapted agroforestry system of homegardens is presently estimated to occupy nearly 15 % of the land area in Sri Lanka and is described in the scientific literature to offer several ecosystem services to its users; such as climate regulation, protection against natural hazards, enhanced land productivity and biological diversity, increased crop diversity and food security for rural poor and hence reduced vulnerability to climate change. Our results, based on a limited sample size, indicate that the homegardens also store significant amount of carbon, with above ground biomass carbon stocks in dry zone homegardens (n = 8) ranging from 10 to 55 megagrams of carbon per hectare (Mg C ha−1) with a mean value of 35 Mg C ha−1, whereas carbon stocks in wet zone homegardens (n = 4) range from 48 to 145 Mg C ha−1 with a mean value of 87 Mg C ha−1. This implies that homegardens may contain a significant fraction of the total above ground biomass carbon stock in the terrestrial system in Sri Lanka, and from our estimates its share has increased from almost one-sixth in 1992 to nearly one-fifth in 2010. In the light of current discussions on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+), the concept of homegardens in Sri Lanka provides interesting aspects to the debate and future research in terms of forest definitions, setting reference levels, and general sustainability. 相似文献
8.
Energy and carbon balances of wood cascade chains 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this study we analyze the energy and carbon balances of various cascade chains for recovered wood lumber. Post-recovery options include reuse as lumber, reprocessing as particleboard, pulping to form paper products, and burning for energy recovery. We compare energy and carbon balances of chains of cascaded products to the balances of products obtained from virgin wood fiber or from non-wood material. We describe and quantify several mechanisms through which cascading can affect the energy and carbon balances: direct cascade effects due to different properties and logistics of virgin and recovered materials, substitution effects due to the reduced demand for non-wood materials when wood is cascaded, and land use effects due to alternative possible land uses when less timber harvest is needed because of wood cascading. In some analyses we assume the forest is a limiting resource, and in others we include a fixed amount of forest land from which biomass can be harvested for use as material or biofuel. Energy and carbon balances take into account manufacturing processes, recovery and transportation energy, material recovery losses, and forest processes. We find that land use effects have the greatest impact on energy and carbon balances, followed by substitution effects, while direct cascade effects are relatively minor. 相似文献
9.
Leif Hansen 《Environment international》1989,15(1-6)
Employees in six day-care institutions were asked to fill out a simple questionnaire before and one year after technical changes were made in their buildings. The institution were defined as sick buildings, based on a prevalence (exceeding 40%) of irritative symptoms and general symptoms among the employees. Based on the technical measurements there were no obvious reasons for the complaints. It was decided, however, to remove man-made mineral-acoustic ceilings and to install mechanical ventilation. One year later there was a significant reduction in the prevalence of symptoms (irritative and general symptoms related to the sick building syndrome) among the employees. The study indicates that systematic monitoring of employees' symptoms before and after corrective action is an important indicator of the benefit of the actions and might be used routinely by architects, engineers, and local authorities in dealing with indoor climate problems. Follow-up studies might give more knowledge of the causes of sick building syndrome. 相似文献
10.
The last century's environmental pollution has created health problems, acidification of ground and lakes, and serious damage to our cultural heritage. Outdoor monuments suffer from this pollution, but so do buried archaeological remains. However, research on the deterioration of archaeological artifacts underground has so far been limited, and it is important to draw attention to this neglected field. This article presents results obtained at the Swedish National Heritage Board on the degradation of archaeological objects of bronze and iron and of bones from prehistoric graves, materials of which seem to be most affected by pollutants. The investigation methods, which were employed, are described. Other relevant studies are briefly reviewed. It is obvious that the deterioration rate of archaeological artifacts, especially of inorganic materials, has accelerated in recent years, and that this increased deterioration to a large part can be attributed to anthropogenic pollution. Regions that might be endangered are exemplified. 相似文献