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Foragers can improve search efficiency, and ultimately fitness, by using social information: cues and signals produced by
other animals that indicate food location or quality. Social information use has been well studied in predator–prey systems,
but its functioning within a trophic level remains poorly understood. Eavesdropping, use of signals by unintended recipients,
is of particular interest because eavesdroppers may exert selective pressure on signaling systems. We provide the most complete
study to date of eavesdropping between two competing social insect species by determining the glandular source and composition
of a recruitment pheromone, and by examining reciprocal heterospecific responses to this signal. We tested eavesdropping between
Trigona hyalinata and Trigona spinipes, two stingless bee species that compete for floral resources, exhibit a clear dominance hierarchy and recruit nestmates to
high-quality food sources via pheromone trails. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of T. hyalinata recruitment pheromone revealed six carboxylic esters, the most common of which is octyl octanoate, the major component of
T. spinipes recruitment pheromone. We demonstrate heterospecific detection of recruitment pheromones, which can influence heterospecific
and conspecific scout orientation. Unexpectedly, the dominant T. hyalinata avoided T. spinipes pheromone in preference tests, while the subordinate T. spinipes showed neither attraction to nor avoidance of T. hyalinata pheromone. We suggest that stingless bees may seek to avoid conflict through their eavesdropping behavior, incorporating
expected costs associated with a choice into the decision-making process. 相似文献
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