Genetic Structure of Herpetofauna on Halmahera Island,Indonesia: Implications for Aketajawe‐Lolobata National Park

Abstract: Genetic variation within species—a priority for biodiversity conservation—is influenced by natural selection, demography, and stochastic events such as genetic drift. We evaluated the role of these factors in 14 codistributed species of reptiles and amphibians on the Indonesian island of Halmahera by testing whether their molecular variation was correlated with geographic distance, ecology, riverine barriers, or Halmahera's paleoisland precursors. We found support for isolation by distance effects in four species. Two of these four were also significantly affected either by rivers or by ecology. A fifth species was significantly affected by ecology and a sixth was significantly affected by Halmahera's paleoislands. [Correction added after publication 9 December 2009: the previous sentence was edited for clarity.] These findings—the most comprehensive survey of multispecies genetic variation on Halmahera to date—bode well for the efficacy of the recently established Aketajawe‐Lolobata National Park in conserving a substantial component of vertebrate genetic variation on this island. Future success of conservation efforts will depend crucially, of course, on funding for and enforcement of conservation management of this park.     

开都河下游绿洲耕地土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险

开都河下游绿洲采集98个耕地土壤样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属元素的含量.基于地统计法,污染负荷指数法和潜在生态风险指数法研究耕地土壤重金属污染和潜在生态风险,并对重金属的来源进行讨论.结果表明:(1)研究区Cd含量平均值超出《国家土壤环境质量标准》中Ⅱ级标准的11.08倍.Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn含量的平均值分别超出新疆灌耕土背景值的55.42、1.32、1.36、3.40和5.14倍.重金属元素空间分布各不相同,部分区域出现高值区,表明人类活动对耕地土壤环境具有负面效应.(2)研究区耕地土壤Cd呈现重度污染,Pb呈现中度污染,Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn呈现轻度污染,As和Mn呈现无污染态势.Cd是污染面积最大,污染程度最高的元素.研究区污染负荷指数PLI的平均值为1.68,呈现轻度污染.(3)各重金属元素单项生态风险指数(E)的平均值从大到小依次为:Cd、Ni、As、Cu、Pb、Cr与Zn.研究区综合生态风险指数(RI)的平均值为355.31,属于较强生态风险.(4)研究区耕地土壤As、Cd、Pb和Zn主要受到人类活动的影响,Cr、Cu、Mn和Ni主要受到土壤地球化学特征的控制.Cd是研究区耕地土壤主要的污染因子,对PLI和RI的贡献很大,耕地土壤中Cd污染必须关注.     

ENERGY PLANNING IN PAKISTAN: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

The per capita consumption of commercial energy and electricity in Pakistan in 1978 was 0.2 tons of coal equivalent (TCE) and 180 kW-h respectively, that is, about half of the average for developing countries, 10 per cent of the world average and about 1.7 per cent of US consumption. About 10,000 barrels per day, roughly 10 per cent of domestic consumption is produced indigenously, the rest being imported mainly in the form of crude oil, diesel fuel and kerosene. Although the volume of imports has increased at a rate of only 5.2 per cent per annum, as a result of price increases Pakistan's import bill has gone from $611 million in 1978–1979 to $1.58 billion in 1980–1981. The Fifth Five-Year Plan (1978–1983) enumerated policy strategies for power and fuel. Regarding power, maximum priority was given to hydroelectric generation conserving fuel through use of extra-high voltage transmission lines, reduction of system losses, expansion of village electrification, and putting power corporations on a sound financial basis. As regards fuel, the plan stresses exploration for new oil and gas fields, accelerated development of proven fields, expansion of gas consumption for industrial use, strengthening of transport and storage of oil and research and development on non-conventional sources of energy. $3.39 billion was allocated to the energy sector. This represents 22.6 per cent of public sector funding. The National Energy Policy Committee regulary reviews the energy situation in the country with a view to effecting proper development and utilization of energy resources. En 1978, la consommation d'énergie et d'électricité par habitant au Pakistan a été de 0,2 tonnes-équivalent charbon (tec) et de 180 kw/h respectivemént, c'est-à-dire à peu près la moitié de la moyenne mondiale et environ 1,7 pour-cent de la consommation aux Etats-Unis. Environ 10.000 barils par jour, soit approximativement 10 pour-cent de la consommation domestique, sont produits localement, le reste étant importé sous forme de brut, de fuel diesel ou de kérosène. Bien que le volume des importations ait augmenté seulement au taux annuel de 5.2 pour-cent à cause de la hausse des prix, la facture énergétique du Pakistan est passée de 611 millions de dollars des E.-U en 1978–79 à 1,58 milliards en 1980–81. Le cinquième Plan quinquennal (1978–83) énumère des stratégies à suivre en matière de politique pour l'énergie électrique et les combustibles. En ce qui concerne l'électricité, priorité absolue a été accordée à la production hydroélectrique grâce à l'utilisation du fuel par l'emploi de lignes à très haute tension, la réduction des pertes dans le système, le développement de l'électrificatron rurale et l'assainissement des finances des compagnies d'électricité. En ce qui concerne les carburants, le Plan met l'accent sur la recherche de nouveaux gisements de gaz et de pétrole, la mise en valeur accelérée des champs déjà découverts, l'augmentation de la consommation du gaz à usage industriel, le renforcement des secteurs de transports et de stokage du du brut ainsi que celui de la recherche et du développement des sources d'énergie non classiques. 3,39 milliards de dollars des E.-U. ont été alloués au secteur énergétique, ce qui représente 22,6 pour-cent du financement du secteur publique. El consumo per capita de energía comercial y electricidad en Pakistán en 1978 fue 0.2 toneladas equivalentes de carbón y 180 kWh respectivamente, esto es, eproximadamente la mitad del promedio de los países en desarrollo, 10 por ciento del promedio mundial y cerca del 1.7 por ciento del consumo de los Estados Unidos. Cerca de 10,000 barriles diarios (aproximadamente 10 por ciento del consumo nacional) son producidos en el país, y el resto se importa en forma de petróleo crudo, diesel y kerosene principalmente. Aunque el volumen de importaciones a crecido solamente al 5.2 por ciento al año, debido al aumento de precios el valor de importación ha subido de $611 millones en 1978–1979 a $1,580 millones en 1980–1981. El Quinto Plan Quinquenal (1978–1983) enumera estrategias de política de desarrollo de electricidad y combustibles. Con relación al primero, se da máxima prioridad a la hidroelectricidad y conservación de combustibles a través del uso de la transmisión a alto voltaje, reducción de pérdidas en las redes, expansión de la electrificación de poblados y saneamiento financiero de la corporación de electricidad. Con respeto a los combustibles, el plan insiste en la acelerada exploración y desarrollo de petróleo y electricidad, expansión del uso del gas para uso industrial, reforzamiento del sistema de transporte y almacenaje de petróleo, e investigación y desarrollo de recursos no convencionales de energía. El 22.6 por ciento de las inversiones públicas, o sea $3.39 billones, fueron asignados el sector de energía. El Comité Nacional de Política Energética revisa regularmente la situción energética del país con el objeto de asegurar el adecuado desarrollo y utilización de los recursos energéticos.     

Biosorption characteristics of unicellular green alga Chlorella sorokiniana immobilized in loofa sponge for removal of Cr(Ⅲ)

Loofa sponge (LS) immobilized biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana (LSIBCS), isolated from industrial wastewater, was investigated as a new biosorbent for the removal of Cr(Ⅲ) from aqueous solution. A comparison of the biosorption of Cr(Ⅲ) by LSIBCS and free biomass of C. sorokiniana (FBCS) from 10-300 mg Cr(Ⅲ)/L aqueous solutions showed an increase in uptake of 17.79% when the microalgal biomass was immobilized onto loofa sponge. Maximum biosorption capacity for LSIBCS and FBCS was found to be 69.26 and 58.80 mg Cr(Ⅲ)/g biosorbent, respectively, whereas the amount of Cr(Ⅲ) ions adsorbed onto naked LS was 4.97 mg/g. The kinetics of Cr(Ⅲ) biosorption was extremely rapid and equilibrium was established in about 15 and 20 min by LSIBCS and FBCS,respectively. The biosorption equilibrium was well defined by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The biosorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The biosorption was found to be pH dependent and the maximum sorption occurred at the solution pH 4.0. Desorption studies showed that 98% of the adsorbed Cr(Ⅲ) could be desorbed with 0.1 mol/L HNO3, while other desorbing agents were less effective in the order: EDTA ＞ H2SO4 ＞ CH3COOH ＞ HCl. The regenerated LSIBCS retained 92.68% of the initial Cr(Ⅲ) binding capacity up to five cycles of reuse in continuous flow-fixed bed columns. The study revealed that LSIBCS could be used as an effective biosorbent for the removal of Cr(Ⅲ) from wastewater.     

博斯腾湖流域浅层地下水重金属分布特征

从新疆博斯腾湖流域采集67个浅层地下水样品,测定其中Cu、Cd、Cr、Mn、Ni和Zn 6种重金属元素的含量,采用Nemerow综合污染指数对地下水中重金属污染程度进行评价,借助GIS技术与地统计法分析地下水中重金属含量与污染水平空间分布格局。结果表明:①博斯腾湖流域地下水6种重金属元素平均含量均未超出《国家地下水质量标准》(GB/T14848—2017)中Ⅲ类标准的限值;②研究区地下水重金属Cd、Cu、Ni与Zn的最佳变异函数理论模型为指数模型,Mn为球状模型,Cr为高斯模型。地下水中6种重金属元素空间分布格局各不相同,均出现含量高值区;③研究区地下水中Cd呈现中度污染,Ni存在点源污染,其它4种元素均呈现无污染。地下水中重金属元素综合污染指数介于0. 23～2. 22之间,平均值为0. 73,呈现轻微污染。Cd与Ni是研究区地下水中污染最高的元素,研究区地下水Cd与Ni污染值得关注。     

焉耆盆地不同耕地土壤中微量元素污染风险对比研究

从新疆焉耆盆地不同耕地类型（辣椒地、小麦地、玉米地、番茄地、向日葵地、甜菜地）采集186个土壤样品,测定其中8种元素（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn）的含量,利用污染负荷指数法（PLI）和潜在生态风险指数法（RI）,对不同耕地中微量元素的污染和潜在生态风险进行评估。结果表明：（1） 焉耆盆地不同耕地中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb与Zn含量平均值均未超出国家土壤环境质量二级标准;（2） 不同耕地中8种元素单项污染指数反映的环境风险各不相同,各耕地类型土壤PLI的平均值均呈现轻度污染;（3）不同耕地类型土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的单项生态风险指数与各耕地类型RI值均属轻微风险水平。从空间分布可以看出,研究区所有农田类型的土壤RI在空间分布上均呈现轻微生态风险态势。辣椒地与小麦地中潜在生态风险指数较大的区域位于博湖县南部的农田,玉米地、番茄地、向日葵地和甜菜地中潜在生态风险指数较大区域主要分布于和硕县东部的农田。     

新疆和硕绿洲农田土壤重金属污染及生态风险

新疆和硕绿洲采集82个耕地土壤样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属元素的含量。采用地统计法、污染负荷指数(PLI)和潜在生态风险指数(RI)评估农田土壤重金属污染和潜在生态风险,并讨论重金属主要来源。结果表明:(1)和硕绿洲农田土壤所有重金属元素含量平均值均未超出国家二级标准的限值,Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn含量的平均值分别超出新疆灌耕土背景值的2.0、1.51、1.18、2.13和8.47倍。(2)农田土壤Cd与Zn呈现中度污染,Cr、Cu、Ni和Pb轻度污染,Mn轻微污染,As无污染。研究区PLI平均值呈现轻度污染。(3)各重金属元素单项生态风险指数从大到小依次为:Cd、Ni、As、Cu、Cr、Zn与Pb。农田RI平均值属于轻微生态风险。重金属元素含量、污染与生态风险空间分布格局各不相同。(4)和硕绿洲农田土壤As、Pb和Zn主要受到人为因素的影响,Cr、Cu、Mn和Ni主要受到土壤地球化学作用的影响,Cd受人为污染和自然因素共同影响。Cd是研究区农田土壤主要的污染因子之一,对农田土壤污染及潜在生态风险的贡献较大,农田土壤Cd污染值得关注。     

Biosorption characteristics of unicellular green alga Chlorella sorokiniana immobilized in loofa sponge for removal of Cr（Ⅲ）

Loofa sponge （LS） immobilized biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana （LSIBCS）, isolated from industrial wastewater, was investigated as a new biosorbent for the removal of Cr（Ⅲ） from aqueous solution. A comparison of the biosorption of Cr（Ⅲ） by LSIBCS and free biomass of C. sorokiniana （FBCS） from 10-300 mg Cr（Ⅲ）/L aqueous solutions showed an increase in uptake of 17.79% when the microalgal biomass was immobilized onto loofa sponge. Maximum biosorption capacity for LSIBCS and FBCS was found to be 69.26 and 58.80 mg Cr（Ⅲ）/g biosorbent, respectively, whereas the amount of Cr（Ⅲ） ions adsorbed onto naked LS was 4.97 mg/g. The kinetics of Cr（Ⅲ） biosorption was extremely rapid and equilibrium was established in about 15 and 20 min by LSIBCS and FBCS, respectively. The biosorption equilibrium was well defined by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The biosorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The biosorption was found to be pH dependent and the maximum sorption occurred at the solution pH 4.0. Desorption studies showed that 98% of the adsorbed Cr（Ⅲ） could be desorbed with 0.1 mol/L HNO3, while other desorbing agents were less effective in the order： EDTA 〉 H2SO4 〉 CH3COOH 〉 HCl. The regenerated LSIBCS retained 92.68% of the initial Cr（Ⅲ） binding capacity up to five cycles of reuse in continuous flow-fixed bed columns. The study revealed that LSIBCS could be used as an effective biosorbent for the removal of Cr（Ⅲ） from wastewater.