中国生物质能政策变迁研究:2000—2019年

生物质柴油和生物质沼气是生物质能发展的两大着力点,两者在性质上存在较大差异,相应的政策设计和发展也各有不同。以政策网络理论、政策变迁相关理论为理论基础,通过搜集整理中央层面关于生物质柴油和生物质沼气的政策文本,采用政策计量和内容分析法,分析政策的发文时间、文本类型等文本外部属性特征,且根据政策文本内容划分了5类政策目标和13类政策工具,深入比较不同生物质能源在变迁中政策目标、政策工具和政策主体网络的差异。研究结果表明,中国生物质能的政策变迁,呈现多元化的演进动态:(1)生物质柴油与沼气政策的发文单位与发文类型在各时间段有所异同,整体来看,生物质柴油与沼气发文最多的单位为国务院和国家发展和改革委员会,不同的是生物质柴油发文数量位于第三位的是国家能源局,而生物质沼气是生态环境部和农业农村部。在发文类型方面,"通知与意见"类型构成了主要占比。(2)同一生物质的政策目标与工具在不同时期的政策变迁中,有延续性和差异性。例如,生物质柴油在各阶段始终以技术创新、能源供应连续性为主要政策目标来保证政策延续性,但在不同阶段也会关注环境可持续性、工业发展等;在政策工具上,生物质柴油即使在变迁中也都会使用财政支持,而各阶段配合使用的工具重心也不一致。(3)不同生物质能源使用的政策工具在同一时期也存在异同。如在第二阶段生物质柴油和生物质沼气所聚焦的政策目标和政策工具完全不同,在第一和第三阶段两者则存在小部分相似。(4)不同生物质能源的政策网络在各阶段表现存在异同。全国人民代表大会和国务院始终是政策网络中的重要主体,各个阶段不同生物质能发文主体的角色和协调互动情况随政策变迁而变化。最后,在研究结论的基础上提出政策目标与政策工具统筹运用、建立有效的政策网络主体协同治理机制的启示。     

耕地质量监测中合理样本量配置及不确定性分析——以陕西省宝鸡市为例

耕地质量监测样本量的优化配置对降低成本,实现可持续土地资源监测与利用有重要指导价值。以陕西省宝鸡市为例,采用2018年耕地质量监测数据,运用传统统计学和地统计学方法,探讨耕地质量监测中土壤监测指标的合理样本量及不确定性。研究表明：样本变异性大小与样本量的关系并不是绝对的。样本代表性评价方法和地统计学方法较Cochran方法能有效降低样本的不确定性;样本代表性评价法适用性更广,但研究结果缺乏稳定性;地统计学方法的适用性存在局限性,可降低中等变异性指标的不确定性,但对低、高变异性指标适用性较低。中等变异性指标宜采用地统计学方法确定合理样本量;低、高变异性指标宜采用代表性评价方法确定合理样本量。     

MOVEMENT BEHAVIOUR OF MEDAKA (Oryzias latipes) IN RESPONSE TO SUBLETHAL TREATMENTS OF DIAZINON AND CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN SEMI-NATURAL CONDITIONS

Behavioural changes of medaka (Oryzias latipes) treated with an anticholinesterase insecticide, diazinon (0.1 mg L^{- 1}), were continuously observed for 4 days in semi-natural conditions. Although variations occurred in individual specimens, the movement tracks appeared differently with typical short-range movement with irregular turns and shaking after the treatments. Eight movement patterns frequently observed before and after the treatments were selected, and the variables characterising the movement patterns were compared quantitatively. The variables were clearly differentiated when the movement patterns were correspondingly matched before and after the treatments (e.g., vertical movements, horizontal movements, etc). Meander and stop duration were highly different among the selected movement patterns. Additionally, different degree of toxic response behaviours could also be detected by quantitative characterisation of the variables. Response behaviour was confirmed with toxicological experiments that show the decrease in the acetylcholine esterase activity in the head and body of specimens. Quantitative investigations on the variables of the movement tracks suggested the usefulness of response behaviour as a monitoring tool for environmental assessment.     

Potential Impacts of Global Warming on the Diversity and Distribution of Stream Insects in South Korea

Globally, the East Asian monsoon region is one of the richest environments in terms of biodiversity. The region is undergoing rapid human development, yet its river ecosystems have not been well studied. Global warming represents a major challenge to the survival of species in this region and makes it necessary to assess and reduce the potential consequences of warming on species of conservation concern. We projected the effects of global warming on stream insect (Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera [EOPT]) diversity and predicted the changes of geographical ranges for 121 species throughout South Korea. Plecoptera was the most sensitive (decrease of 71.4% in number of species from the 2000s through the 2080s) order, whereas Odonata benefited (increase of 66.7% in number of species from the 2000s through the 2080s) from the effects of global warming. The impact of global warming on stream insects was predicted to be minimal prior to the 2060s; however, by the 2080s, species extirpation of up to 20% in the highland areas and 2% in the lowland areas were predicted. The projected responses of stream insects under global warming indicated that species occupying specific habitats could undergo major reductions in habitat. Nevertheless, habitat of 33% of EOPT (including two‐thirds of Odonata and one‐third of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) was predicted to increase due to global warming. The community compositions predicted by generalized additive models varied over this century, and a large difference in community structure in the highland areas was predicted between the 2000s and the 2080s. However, stream insect communities, especially Odonata, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera, were predicted to become more homogenous under global warming. Impacto Potencial del Calentamiento Global sobre la Diversidad y la Distribución de Insectos de Arroyo en Corea del Sur     

Kinetics study on photochemical oxidation of polyacrylamide by ozone combined with hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet radiation

An investigation on the process of ozone combined with hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet radiation has been carried out in order to establish the kinetics for photochemical oxidation of polyacrylamide （PAM） in aqueous solution. Effects of operating parameters, including initial PAM concentration, dosages of ozone and hydrogen peroxide, UV radiation and pH value on the photochemical oxidation of PAM, have been studied. There was an increase in photochemical oxidation rate of PAM with increasing of dosages of 03, H2O2 and ultraviolet radiation. Upon increasing of the initial PAM concentration, the photochemical oxidation rate of PAM decreased. Slight effect of pH value on the photochemical oxidation rate of PAM was observed in the experiments. The kinetics equation for the photochemical oxidation of PAM by the system has been established.     

TiO2/AC催化臭氧氧化处理水中的苯酚

研究了单独臭氧氧化及以活性炭(AC)和负载二氧化钛的活性碳(TiO2/AC)为催化剂催化臭氧氧化处理水中苯酚的效果。考察了AC、TiO2/AC对苯酚的吸附特性及三种方法对苯酚的转化率及矿化率效果及其臭氧利用效率,并对氧化过程进行了动力学分析。实验结果表明:AC、TiO2/AC对苯酚的吸附均较好地符合Freundlich方程;催化臭氧氧化转化苯酚的效果高于单独臭氧氧化;TiO2/AC作催化剂有利于苯酚的最终矿化,同时提高了臭氧的利用效率;3种氧化反应均较好的符合二级动力学方程,TiO2/AC催化臭氧氧化苯酚的二级动力学常数为0.0001L/(mg.min),高于单独臭氧氧化0.00004L/(mg.min)和AC催化臭氧氧化0.00006L/(mg.min)。     

Developing a Monitoring Program for Invertebrates: Guidelines and a Case Study

Abstract:  Invertebrates provide the majority of ecosystem services; thus, it is important that they be inventoried, monitored, and protected. Nevertheless, inventories, monitoring, and management generally focus on vertebrates and flowering plants. Consequently, there are few guidelines or case studies for invertebrates. We present a procedure for developing a monitoring program for species-rich invertebrates that entails (1) characterizing the community; (2) identifying surrogates for biodiversity; and (3) establishing efficient methods to monitor surrogates and any ecologically important or sensitive taxa. We used these procedures, biodiversity-based statistical advances, and a survey of arthropods to develop a monitoring plan for the forests of Shenandoah National Park, Virginia (U.S.A.). Our case study revealed that mixed hardwood and hemlock forests had significantly different compositions of arthropods in their soil and understory strata. Of the 10 orders tested Coleoptera and Hymenoptera were the only two to pass most of the five surrogate tests, and their combination improved predictions of overall arthropod diversity. Because arthropods represent the majority of macroscopic species in most ecosystems, the ability of this assemblage to predict overall arthropod diversity makes it a powerful surrogate. Of the 11 collecting methods used, the beat-sheet method was the most efficient for monitoring this surrogate assemblage. To complement this coarse-filter approach to monitoring at-risk, invasive, or other important taxa (fine filter), we used ordination analyses to match 66 taxa with the methods that most effectively sampled them. Our methods serve as a model for developing an invertebrate monitoring plan and should facilitate linking such monitoring with ecosystem functions and management.