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Vanina A. Angelini Elizabeth Agostini María I. Medina Paola S. González 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(4):2531-2539
2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) is widely distributed in wastewaters discharged from several industries, and it is considered as a priority pollutant due to its high toxicity. In this study, the use of different peroxidase extracts for 2,4-DCP removal from aqueous solutions was investigated. Tobacco hairy roots (HRs), wild-type (WT), and double-transgenic (DT) for tomato basic peroxidases (TPX1 and TPX2) were used to obtain different peroxidase extracts: total peroxidases (TPx), soluble peroxidases (SPx), and peroxidases ionically bound to the cell wall (IBPx). All extracts derived from DT HRs exhibited higher peroxidase activity than those obtained from WT HRs. TPx and IBPx DT extracts showed the highest catalytic efficiency values. The optimal conditions for 2,4-DCP oxidation were pH 6.5, H2O2 0.5 mM, and 200 U mL?1 of enzyme, for all extracts analyzed. Although both TPx extracts were able to oxidize different 2,4-DCP concentrations, the removal efficiency was higher for TPx DT. Polyethylene glycol addition slightly improved 2,4-DCP removal efficiency, and it showed some protective effect on TPx WT after 2,4-DCP oxidation. In addition, using Lactuca sativa test, a reduction of the toxicity of post removal solutions was observed, for both TPx extracts. The results demonstrate that TPx extracts from both tobacco HRs appear to be promising candidate for future applications in removing 2,4-DCP from wastewaters. This is particularly true considering that these peroxidase sources are associated with low costs and are readily available. However, TPx DT has increased peroxidase activity, catalytic efficiency, and higher removal efficiency than TPx WT, probably due to the expression of TPX1 and TPX2 isoenzymes. 相似文献
3.
Ros Gloag Vanina D. Fiorini Juan Carlos Reboreda Alex Kacelnik 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2014,68(4):681-689
Obligate brood parasitic birds, such as cowbirds, evade parental care duties by laying their eggs in the nests of other species. Cowbirds are assumed to avoid laying repeatedly in the same nest so as to prevent intrabrood competition between their offspring. However, because searching for host nests requires time and energy, laying more than one egg per nest might be favoured where hosts are large and can readily rear multiple parasites per brood. Such ‘repeat parasitism’ by females would have important consequences for parasite evolution because young parasites would then incur indirect fitness costs from behaving selfishly. We investigated shiny cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis) parasitism of a large host, the chalk-browed mockingbird (Mimus saturninus), in a population where over 70 % of the parasitized mockingbird nests receive multiple cowbird eggs. We assessed egg maternity directly, using cameras at nests to film the laying of individually-marked females. We also supplemented video data with evidence from egg morphology, after confirming that each female lays eggs of a consistent appearance. From 133 eggs laid, we found that less than 5 % were followed by the same female visiting the nest to lay again or to puncture eggs. Multiple eggs in mockingbird nests were instead the result of different females, with up to eight individuals parasitizing a single brood. Thus, while cowbird chicks regularly share mockingbird nests with conspecifics, these are unlikely to be their maternal siblings. Our results are consistent with shiny cowbird females following a one-egg-per-nest rule, even where hosts can rear multiple parasitic young. 相似文献
4.
Pasqualini V Oberti P Vigetta S Riffard O Panaïotis C Cannac M Ferrat L 《Environmental management》2011,48(1):38-56
Forest management can benefit from decision support tools, including GIS-based multicriteria decision-aiding approach. In
the Mediterranean region, Pinus pinaster forests play a very important role in biodiversity conservation and offer many socioeconomic benefits. However, the conservation
of this species is affected by the increase in forest fires and the expansion of Matsucoccus feytaudi. This paper proposes a methodology based on commonly available data for assessing the values and risks of P. pinaster forests and to generating maps to aid in decisions pertaining to fire and phytosanitary risk management. The criteria for
assessing the values (land cover type, legislative tools for biodiversity conservation, environmental tourist sites and access
routes, and timber yield) and the risks (fire and phytosanitation) of P. pinaster forests were obtained directly or by considering specific indicators, and they were subsequently aggregated by means of GIS-based
multicriteria analysis. This approach was tested on the island of Corsica (France), and maps to aid in decisions pertaining
to fire risk and phytosanitary risk (M. feytaudi) were obtained for P. pinaster forest management. Study results are used by the technical offices of the local administration—Corsican Agricultural and Rural Development Agency (ODARC)—for planning the conservation of P. pinaster forests with regard to fire prevention and safety and phytosanitary risks. The decision maker took part in the evaluation
criteria study (weight, normalization, and classification of the values). Most suitable locations are given to target the
public intervention. The methodology presented in this paper could be applied to other species and in other Mediterranean
regions. 相似文献
5.
Unlike other birds, shiny cowbirds (Molothrus bonariensis) must locate host nests where to lay their eggs and then decide whether to parasitise them. They should also synchronise their laying with that of the host to increase the survival of parasite egg and young. Shiny cowbirds can discover nests using host behaviour as a cue, or by searching the habitat without need for the presence of a host. Besides, they can synchronise parasitism with host laying by monitoring nests during building and laying, or directly by assessing the degree of development of embryos through the puncture of host eggs. Alternatively, synchronization can arise by lower nest attentiveness during host laying. We determined the extent of synchronization between laying of shiny cowbirds and chalk-browed mockingbirds (Mimus saturninus) and estimated if parasitism was negatively associated with host nest attentiveness. We also conducted an experiment to test if host activity was necessary to locate nests, and if puncture of host eggs was a cue for deciding parasitism. Shiny cowbirds synchronised parasitism with host laying in 75% of the cases and synchronization was not explained by lower host nest attentiveness during laying. Shiny cowbirds located nests without need for presence of a host, but the decision of parasitising the nest depended on host activity at the nest. The information that shiny cowbirds could obtain through egg punctures was not necessary for deciding parasitism. Our results indicate that shiny cowbirds rely on the precise timing of their eggs and avoid laying in unsuitable nests. 相似文献
6.
Pasqualini S Tedeschini E Frenguelli G Wopfner N Ferreira F D'Amato G Ederli L 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):2823-2830
Air pollution is frequently proposed as a cause of the increased incidence of allergy in industrialised countries. We investigated the impact of ozone (O3) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and allergen content of ragweed pollen (Ambrosia artemisiifolia). Pollen was exposed to acute O3 fumigation, with analysis of pollen viability, ROS and nitric oxide (NO) content, activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD[P]H) oxidase, and expression of major allergens. There was decreased pollen viability after O3 fumigation, which indicates damage to the pollen membrane system, although the ROS and NO contents were not changed or were only slightly induced, respectively. Ozone exposure induced a significant enhancement of the ROS-generating enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase. The expression of the allergen Amb a 1 was not affected by O3, determined from the mRNA levels of the major allergens. We conclude that O3 can increase ragweed pollen allergenicity through stimulation of ROS-generating NAD(P)H oxidase. 相似文献
7.
Removal of sorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soil, sludge and sediment samples using the Fenton's reagent process 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The use of the Fenton's reagent process has been investigated for the remediation of environmental matrices contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Laboratory experiments were first conducted in aqueous solutions, to study the kinetics of oxidation and adsorption of PAHs. Benzo[a]pyrene was more rapidly degraded than adsorbed, while only partial oxidation of fluoranthene occurred. In the case of benzo[b]fluoranthene, its adsorption prevented its oxidation. Besides competition effects between PAHs were found, with slower oxidation of mixtures as compared to single PAH solutions. Apparition of some by-products was observed, and a di-hydroxylated derivative of benzo[a]pyrene could be identified under our conditions. Consequently, application to solid environmental matrices (soil, sludge and sediment samples) was performed using large amounts of reagents. The efficiency of the Fenton treatment was dependent on the matrix characteristics (such as its organic carbon content) and the PAH availability (correlated to the date and level of contamination). However, no pH adjustment was required, as well as no iron addition due to the presence of iron oxides in the solid matrices, suggesting the potential application of Fenton-like treatment for the remediation of PAH-contaminated environmental solids. 相似文献
8.
Identification of flavonoids in Pinus
Laricio needles and changes occurring after prescribed burning
Magali Cannac Lila Ferrat Toussaint Barboni Nathalie Chiaramonti Fr��d��ric Morandini Vanina Pasqualini 《Chemoecology》2011,21(1):9-17
Prescribed burning is increasingly being used as a fire prevention tool in forest management; however, it can cause thermal
stress to trees. Its effects on pine physiology have been poorly understood. Flavonoids are highly indicative of plants’ responses
to environmental stress, and in this study, we used flavonoid concentrations in pine needles to assess fire impact on a Corsican
Pinus
laricio Poir. forest up to 4 years after prescribed burning. This is the first study that highlighted the presence of flavonols in
P. laricio and indicated kaempferol to be the major compound. The total flavonol content increased by 60% 3 months after 1 or 2 prescribed
low-intensity burnings and returned to the pre-burning level after 1 year. This suggests that thermal stress events caused
defensive production of flavonoids. Prescribed burnings performed at 3-year intervals did not appear to alter flavonoid levels.
In the light of these findings, forest managers may consider the use of prescribed burning at 3-year intervals as a means
to reduce fuel loads, while minimizing the impact on P.
laricio. 相似文献
9.
Robles C Greff S Pasqualini V Garzino S Bousquet-Mélou A Fernandez C Korboulewsky N Bonin G 《Journal of environmental quality》2003,32(6):2265-2271
The aim of the present study is to assess whether certain ecophysiological responses (contents of total phenols, total proanthocyanidins, and total and simple flavonols), in the needles of Aleppo pines (Pinus halepensis Mill.) may be valid bioindicators for the assessment of the air quality. Samples were taken at five natural sites polluted by various pollutants (NO, NO2, other NOx, SO2, and O3). The results show a decrease in total phenol concentrations with levels of nitrogen oxide pollutions (significant negative correlations between the total phenol concentrations and concentrations of NO, NO2, and other NOx). Total flavonoids (total flavonols and proanthocyanidins) are useful bioindicators for ozone pollution (significant negative correlations between total proanthocyanidins and the concentrations of ozone and significant positive correlations between total flavonols and the ozone pollution). Sulfur dioxide pollution is distinguished by low concentrations in quercetin, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol (significant negative correlations between these simple flavonols and the concentrations of SO2). This work confirms the strong interest of using the phenolic compounds of Pinus halepensis as biological indicators of air quality. 相似文献
10.
Bulgaroni V Rovedatti MG Sabino G Magnarelli G 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(5):3307-3314
A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of salivary cholinesterase and carboxylesterase as biomarkers of exposure
to environmental organophosphate pesticides. Ninety samples were obtained from women and 62 samples from their preschool-aged
children who live near an agricultural area of the Upper Valley of the Negro River (Patagonia, Argentina) where pesticides
are applied 6 months a year. Each participant donated two samples under similar conditions: one in the pre-exposure period
and another during the pulverization period. Demographic information, potential confounders, and risk behaviors were registered.
Active or passive smoking had no effect on these enzyme activities in either group. During the pulverization period, cholinesterase
activity was not detectable in 76% of the children's samples and 23% of the mothers' samples. Comparing samples collected
during the pulverization period with respect to the pre-pulverization period, the average mother and child cholinesterase
activity decreased by 65.7% (p < 0.001) and 85.8% (p < 0.001), respectively. Also, mother and child carboxylesterase activity decreased by 27.5% (p < 0.001) and 41.9% (p < 0.01), respectively. Child carboxylesterase activity in the pulverization period was associated to the habit of eating
dust outdoors (p < 0.01). The most frequent inhibition levels observed for cholinesterase and carboxylesterase activity were between 70–100%
and 0–29%, respectively, in both groups studied. This shows that at the same level of exposure, cholinesterase was more sensitive
to inhibition than carboxylesterase. Therefore, carboxylesterase might more properly reflect the degree of environmental organophosphate
exposure and may have potential as a novel tool for biomonitoring. 相似文献