2010—2019年台州市市区降水化学组成特征及变化趋势

为了解台州市市区大气降水化学成分组成特征及变化规律,对2010—2019年台州市市区降水监测数据进行了统计分析。结果表明:2010—2019年降水样品pH为4.20～4.84夏高冬低,强酸性降水频率下降显著,电导率平均值为3.16 mS/cm。SO₄^2-和NO₃^-是降水中最主要的阴离子,NH₄⁺和Ca²⁺是降水中最主要的阳离子。Ca²⁺浓度在2018年开始有所抬升,SO₄^2-和NO₃^-浓度整体呈波动下降趋势。SO₄^2-与NO₃^-浓度比均值为1.50,呈下降趋势,同大气中SO₂与NO₂的质量浓度比变化趋势基本一致。SO₄^2-和NO₃<...     

无硫膨胀石墨的制备及吸油性能

通过单因子实验考察了无硫膨胀石墨制备过程中氧化剂及插层剂用量、氧化反应及插层反应时间、氧化反应及插层反应温度对无硫膨胀石墨膨胀体积的影响。通过正交实验确定了制备无硫膨胀石墨的最优条件是:石墨(g)∶浓硝酸(mL)∶30%H2O2(mL)∶乙酸酐(mL)=1∶2.25∶0.25∶0.6,在30℃条件下氧化反应60 min,加入插层剂后在60℃条件下插层反应90 min,此条件无硫膨胀石墨的膨胀体积达317 mL/g使用XPS、FT-IR、XRD和SEM对无硫膨胀石墨进行了表征并对其吸油性能和再生性能进行了研究。结果表明,所制备无硫膨胀石墨对原油和柴油的最大吸附量分别为66.3 g/g和62.7 g/g。吸附原油后的无硫膨胀石墨抽滤再生后首次再生率为49.1%,原油的回收率为64.5%。     

Biotic and abiotic regulation of lightning fire initiation in the mixedwood boreal forest

Lightning fire is the dominant natural disturbance of the western mixedwood boreal forest of North America. We quantified the independent effects of weather and forest composition on lightning fire initiation (a detected and recorded fire start) patterns in Alberta, Canada, to demonstrate how these biotic and abiotic components contribute to ecosystem dynamics in the mixedwood boreal forest. We used logistic regression to describe variation in annual initiation occurrence among 10,000-ha landscape units (voxels) covering a 9 million-ha study region over 11 years. At a voxel scale, forest composition explained more variation in annual initiation than did weather indices. Initiations occurred more frequently in landscapes with more conifer fuels (Picea spp.), and less in aspen-dominated (Populus spp.) ones. Initiations were less frequent in landscapes that had recently burned. Variation in initiation was also influenced by joint weather-lightning indices, but to a lesser degree. For each voxel, these indices quantified the number of days in the fire season when moisture levels were low and lightning was detected. Regional indices of fire weather severity explained substantial interannual variation of initiation, and the effect of forest composition was stronger in years with more severe fire weather. Our study is a conclusive demonstration of biotic and abiotic regulation of lightning fire initiation in the mixedwood boreal forest. The independent effects of forest composition emphasize that vegetation feedbacks strongly regulate disturbance dynamics in the region.     

佳乐麝香对萝卜种子发芽及DNA损伤的生态毒理影响

由于佳乐麝香(HHCB)被广泛应用于日用化工产品中,被持续不断地释放到环境中,所产生的生态风险已引起越来越多的重视。为探究HHCB的生态毒性效应,在水培条件下考察了不同浓度HHCB对萝卜的表观生长指标(发芽率、根伸长抑制率、芽伸长抑制率)和基于随机引物扩增多态性(RAPD)图谱的根尖DNA损伤状况。研究结果显示:低剂量(≤25 mg·L~(-1))胁迫对萝卜发芽无显著影响(P0.05);高剂量(≥50 mg·L~(-1))胁迫可以显著抑制萝卜发芽率(P0.05)。萝卜的根长和芽长抑制率随HHCB浓度增加而呈上升趋势,且根伸长对HHCB胁迫较芽伸长更敏感,更适宜指示HHCB对植物的生态毒性效应。萝卜根尖基因组DNA的RAPD分析结果表明:大于或等于5 mg·L~(-1)的HHCB即可明显导致萝卜根尖基因组DNA损伤,且随着HHCB浓度的升高,根尖基因组DNA含量呈线性降低,DNA多态率增加,基因组模板稳定性(GTS)减小,遗传相似性变远。这表明较低剂量的HHCB胁迫就能够导致萝卜根尖基因组DNA损伤,且随浓度升高而损伤严重。因此,利用RAPD技术获得的萝卜DNA多态性变化可作为检测HHCB遗传毒性效应的敏感生物标记物,为化学品污染生态毒理早期诊断提供科学依据。     

Evaluation of soil solid amendments for TCE biodegradation in a biobarrier system

Permeable biobarrier systems (PBSs) are being recognized as low‐cost passive bioremediation technologies for chlorinated organic contamination. This innovative technology can play a crucial and effective role in site restorations. Laboratory‐scale experiments were conducted to investigate the biodegradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) to ethylene in shallow groundwater through the use of a PBS enhanced by bioaugmentation at the U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River Site (SRS). Two composts and two plant amendments, eucalyptus mulch (EM) and corncobs (CC), were examined for their effectiveness at creating and maintaining conditions suitable for TCE anaerobic dechlorination. These materials were evaluated for their (1) nutrient and organic carbon content, (2) TCE sorption characteristics, and (3) longevity of release of nutrients and soluble carbon in groundwater to support TCE dechlorination. Native bacteria in the columns had the ability to convert TCE to dichloroethenes (DCEs); however, the inoculation with the TCE‐degrading culture greatly increased the rate of biodegradation. This caused a significant increase in by‐product concentration, mostly in the form of DCEs and vinyl chloride (VC) followed by a slow degradation to ethylene. Of the tested amendments, eucalyptus mulch was the most effective at supporting the reductive dechlorination of TCE. Corncobs created a very acidic condition in the column that inhibited dechlorination. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

应城市农村居民点人口和用地规模预测

预测2020年应城市的农村居民点人口规模和用地规模。分别利用自然增长法、时间序列分析法和灰色系统等方法预测2020年应城市的农村人口规模;利用人均定额指标法预测2020年应城市农村居民点的用地规模。研究结果显示:(1)利用自然增长法预测2020年应城市农村人口规模为62.74万人;(2)利用时间序列分析法预测2020年应城市农村人口规模为64.4万人;(3)利用灰色系统法进行微分方程模型拟合,预测2020年应城市农村人口规模为65.48万人;(4)通过以上三种方法的预测结果比较得出2020年应城市农村人口的平均规模为64.2万人;(5)利用人均定额指标法预测2020年应城市农村居民点用地规模将达7704 hm~2。研究结论为应城市城乡建设用地增减挂钩项目开展奠定坚实基础。     

台州市区PM2.5和O3污染特征及相互作用关系

基于2016—2020年台州市区大气污染物监测数据及气象观测资料,分析了台州市区PM_2.5和O₃的污染特征及受气象因素影响情况,并探究了不同季节下的PM_2.5浓度和O₃浓度的相关性及相互作用关系。2016—2020年,台州市区PM_2.5年均浓度和超标天数呈显著下降趋势,O₃-8 h年均浓度和超标天数总体呈上升趋势。PM_2.5浓度在冬季最高,且易发生超标;O₃浓度在春、夏、秋季均较高,且均会发生超标。通过相关性分析可知：PM_2.5浓度与气温、相对湿度、风速、降水量呈负相关,与大气压呈正相关;O₃浓度与气温、风速呈正相关,与相对湿度、降水量呈负相关。不同季节下的PM_2.5浓度与O₃浓度均呈正相关,两者存在协同增长。在春、夏、秋季,二次PM_2.5在总PM_2.5中的占比随着O₃     

Simulation of wildfire effects on the nitrogen cycle of a Pinus banksiana ecosystem in New Brunswick, Canada

A non-linear, deterministic model of biomass accumulation and nitrogen cycling in an even-aged, pure jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) stand was developed and used to explore effects of fire intensity and frequency of burning on the long-term nitrogen cycle. Given the model structure and assumptions, simulated results showed that successive fires at both light and severe fire intensities caused gradual depletion of the amount of N accumulated in the vegetation layers. Fires also reduced the amount of N in the litter and soil pools, with the initially large soil organically-bound N pool showing a particularly sharp decline, and decreased the productivity of the simulated stand. A frequency of one fire per 20 years for five successive burns produced declines of N accumulated in the tree stratum of 50–75% (depending upon fire intensity) in comparison with the undisturbed system at a corresponding age, whereas a 100-year frequency produced decreases of 10–22%. Similarly, declines in litter layer N were 54–72% at a 40-year frequency, compared with 30–55% at a 100-year frequency. The simulated results also suggested that both the stand age when burning occurred and the fire frequency were important, because distinctive patterns of accumulation and decline of N in ecosystem pools existed with increasing stand age. A serious lack of information regarding processes inherent in the model was found to exist in certain cases. Important processes which are currently poorly quantified include: (1) the factors controlling rates of tree growth; (2) the relation of foliar and other tissue N to soil N concentrations and foliar translocation; (3) the relation of forest floor conditions to decomposition and stand structural characteristics; and (4) the controls of a variety of soil N transformations, transfers, leaching and decomposition rates. Because of this basic lack of information and the great dependence of the model's behavior on these processes, the present version of the model is not suitable for real-world prediction. The model does have use as a means of combining hypotheses about a system into an explicit structure and examining the collective consequences of this, as well as pointing out future research needs for the system.     

Adaptation to climate change: changes in farmland use and stocking rate in the U.S.

This paper examines possible adaptations to climate change in terms of pasture and crop land use and stocking rate in the United States (U.S.). Using Agricultural Census and climate data in a statistical model, we find that as temperature and precipitation increases agricultural commodity producers respond by reducing crop land and increasing pasture land. In addition, cattle stocking rate decreases as the summer Temperature-humidity Index (THI) increases and summer precipitation decreases. Using the statistical model with climate data from four General Circulation Models (GCMs), we project that land use shifts from cropping to grazing and the stocking rate declines, and these adaptations are more pronounced in the central and the southeast regions of the U.S. Controlling for other farm production variables, crop land decreases by 6 % and pasture land increases by 33 % from the baseline. Correspondingly, the associated economic impact due to adaptation is around ?14 and 29 million dollars to crop producers and pasture producers by the end of this century, respectively. The national and regional results have implications for farm programs and subsidy policies.