添加CaO对燃煤重金属元素富集效果的影响

选取CaO作为吸附剂,探究了不同燃烧温度下添加CaO对重金属元素在燃煤灰渣中富集效果的影响规律。实验结果表明:添加CaO对重金属元素Cr未起到富集作用,而对Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb 7种重金属元素的富集效果显著;随燃烧温度的升高,CaO对各赋存形态的Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,As的富集效果先变好而后变差,对各赋存形态的Cd和Pb的富集效果越来越好;CaO添加比(预处理后的CaO颗粒与预处理后的原煤的质量比)越大,CaO对Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Pb的富集效果越好,燃烧温度为850℃时的最佳CaO添加比为4%。     

典型富氧化铁土壤基质中铁异化还原的特性

选取华南地区常见的富铁土壤:砖红壤作为研究对象,采用序批实验,破坏性取样系统,研究了葡萄糖、乙酸钠和淀粉分别作电子供体时,砖红壤中Fe(Ⅲ)的异化还原特性及促进剂蒽醌二磺酸钠(AQS)和温度的影响.结果表明,砖红壤在葡萄糖、乙酸钠和淀粉厌氧体系中,均可以通过铁异化还原反应产生较高浓度的亚铁,同时伴随体系中有机物(COD)减少,但是相同有机碳(COD)和砖红壤含量情况下,亚铁产生量在3个系统间具有显著差异,淀粉体系最高,为479.28 mg·L~(-1),乙酸钠体系最低,只有(369.50±13.00)mg·L~(-1);典型的铁异化还原促进剂蒽醌二磺酸钠(AQS)对淀粉体系中砖红壤异化还原过程具有明显的促进效果,除了可以促使更多三价铁还原为亚铁外,也可以提高铁异化还原的速率,并且较高浓度促进剂效果更好,投加与砖红壤质量比1∶20000的AQS情况下,亚铁产量最高可达1101.36 mg·L~(-1);温度对砖红壤铁异化还原速率也具有明显影响,25℃和30℃差别较小,但温度降到20℃之后反应明显缓慢.     

Zn在两种生态型东南景天体内的分布和对亚显微结构的影响

运用营养液培养和透射电镜观察方法比较研究了Zn在两种生态型东南景天的根系、茎和叶片中的分布特点和亚显微结构的变化.结果表明,在Zn500μmolL-1浓度下,超积累生态型东南景天的上部叶与下部叶Zn含量的比值在1.47~1.67之间,上部茎与下部茎Zn含量的比值范围为1.81~2.11;非超积累生态型则刚好相反,Zn100μmolL-1处理后,其下部叶和下部茎中Zn含量均高于上部叶和上部茎.电镜观察显示,超积累生态型东南景天的叶、茎细胞的液泡中,和叶细胞的细胞壁上均发现一些颗粒物质,因此推断液泡将Zn区室化或沉积在细胞壁是超积累生态型东南景天耐高Zn胁迫和超积累Zn的重要生理机制.图2表2参19     

Combining potassium chloride leaching with vertical electrokinetics to remediate cadmium-contaminated soils

This study evaluated the feasibility of combining potassium chloride (KCl) leaching and electrokinetic (EK) treatment for the remediation of cadmium (Cd) and other metals from contaminated soils. KCl leaching was compared at three concentrations (0.2%, 0.5%, and 1% KCl). EK treatment was conducted separately to migrate the metals in the topsoil to the subsoil. The combined approach using KCl leaching before or after EK treatment was compared. For the single vertical EK treatment, the removal of Cd, lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) from the topsoil (0–20 cm) was 9.38%, 4.80%, 0.95%, and 10.81%, respectively. KCl leaching at 1% KCl removed 84.06% Cd, 9.95% Pb, 4.34% Cu, and 19.93% Zn from the topsoil, with higher removal efficiency than that of the 0.2% and 0.5% KCl leaching treatments. By combining the KCl leaching and EK treatment, the removal efficiency of heavy metals improved, in particular for the 1% KCl + EK treatment, where the removal rate of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn from the upper surface soil reached 97.79%, 17.69%, 14.37%, and 41.96%, respectively. Correspondingly, the soil Cd content decreased from 4 to 0.21 mg/kg, and was below the Chinese standard limit of 0.3 mg/kg soil. These results indicate that 1% KCl + EK treatment is a good combination technique to mitigate Cd pollution from contaminated soils used for growing rice and leafy vegetables.

     

塔里木河流域水质变化趋势分析

应用季节性肯达尔非参数检验方法,对塔里木河干流及三大源流１９９２－１９９８年间的水质变化趋势进行了分析检验,客观、定量地描述了塔里木河的水质变化动态,对于进一步掌握塔里木河的水质变化有着重要意义。     

菜园土壤铜吸附--解吸特性的研究

研究了菜园土壤铜的吸附—解吸特性。结果表明 ,3种菜园土壤吸附 Cu2 的量均随平衡液中Cu2 浓度的增加而增大 ,可用 L angmuir方程和 Freundlich方程来描述。由 Langmuir方程求得的菜园土壤对 Cu2 的最大吸附量和最大缓冲容量的大小顺序为 :黄松土 >江涂土 >粉泥土 ,菜园土壤对 Cu2 的解吸量和解吸率均随其吸附量的增加而增加 ,吸附量与解吸量之间呈显著或极显著线性正相关。     

两种生态型东南景天根系分泌物的差异性

东南景天(Sedum alfredii Hance)具有很强的耐高Zn 胁迫、吸收和运输Zn的能力,但其根系如何通过分泌作用实现对Zn胁迫的适应和对土壤难溶性Zn的活化作用,还缺乏机理方面的解释.因此,本研究运用离子色谱、氨基酸自动分析等技术较系统地研究了两种生态型东南景天根系分泌物组成的差异性及其对土壤中不同化合物Zn的活化效应,旨在探明根系分泌物与东南景天超积累Zn的关系.结果表明,两种东南景天的根系分泌物均能够活化土壤中难溶态的ZnO、ZnCO3和Zn3(PO4)2,而对ZnS没有明显地活化作用.通过对根系分泌物组成成分分析,两种生态型东南景天根系分泌物中可溶性糖占绝对优势,有机酸和氨基酸含量很低,且均以非超积累生态型>超积累生态型.超积累生态型东南景天根系分泌物中的可溶性总糖、有机酸(苹果酸除外)、氨基酸等各成分含量均以Zn 1.0 μmol·L-1处理>Zn 500 μmol·L-1处理,非超积累生态型东南景天根系分泌物中糖和有机酸含量也随着Zn浓度的增加而减少,而绝大多数氨基酸含量则随着Zn浓度的增加而增加.这说明本试验条件下测定的根系分泌物组分在东南景天超积累Zn过程中并不起主导作用.     

Dissolution of different zinc salts and Zn uptake by Sedum alfredii and maize in mono- and co-cropping under hydroponic culture

Previous soil pot and field experiments demonstrated that co-cropping the hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii with maize increased Zn phytoextraction by S. alfredii and decreased Zn uptake by maize shoots. This hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate whether the facilitation of Zn phytoextraction by S. alfredii resulted from improved dissolution in this co-cropping system and its relation to root exudates. S. alfredii and maize were mono-and co-cropped (without a root barrier) in nutrient solution spiked with four Zn compounds, ZnS, ZnO, Zn3(PO4)2 and 5ZnO·2CO3·4H2O (represented as ZnCO3 ) at 1000 mg/L Zn for 15 days without renewal of nutrient solution after pre-culture. The root exudates were collected under incomplete sterilization and analyzed. The results indicated that the difference in Zn salts had a greater influence on the Zn concentration in maize than for S. alfredii, varying from 210-2603 mg/kg for maize shoots and 6445-12476 mg/kg for S. alfredii in the same order: ZnCO3 > ZnO >Zn3(PO4)2 > ZnS. For the four kinds of Zn sources in this experiment, co-cropping with maize did not improve Zn phytoextraction by S. alfredii. In most cases, compared to co-cropped and mono-cropped maize, mono-cropped S. alfredii resulted in the highest Zn2+ concentration in the remaining nutrient solution, and also had a higher total concentration of low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOA) and lower pH of root exudation. Root exudates did partly influence Zn hyperaccumulation in S. alfredii.     

Scaling Uncertainties in Estimating Canopy Foliar Maintenance Respiration for Black Spruce Ecosystems in Alaska

A major challenge confronting the scientific community is to understand both patterns of and controls over spatial and temporal variability of carbon exchange between boreal forest ecosystems and the atmosphere. An understanding of the sources of variability of carbon processes at fine scales and how these contribute to uncertainties in estimating carbon fluxes is relevant to representing these processes at coarse scales. To explore some of the challenges and uncertainties in estimating carbon fluxes at fine to coarse scales, we conducted a modeling analysis of canopy foliar maintenance respiration for black spruce ecosystems of Alaska by scaling empirical hourly models of foliar maintenance respiration (R_m) to estimate canopy foliar R_m for individual stands. We used variation in foliar N concentration among stands to develop hourly stand-specific models and then developed an hourly pooled model. An uncertainty analysis identified that the most important parameter affecting estimates of canopy foliar R_m was one that describes R_m at 0 ^∘C per g N, which explained more than 55% of variance in annual estimates of canopy foliar R_m. The comparison of simulated annual canopy foliar R_m identified significant differences between stand-specific and pooled models for each stand. This result indicates that control over foliar N concentration should be considered in models that estimate canopy foliar R_m of black spruce stands across the landscape. In this study, we also temporally scaled the hourly stand-level models to estimate canopy foliar R_m of black spruce stands using mean monthly temperature data. Comparisons of monthly R_m between the hourly and monthly versions of the models indicated that there was very little difference between the estimates of hourly and monthly models, suggesting that hourly models can be aggregated to use monthly input data with little loss of precision. We conclude that uncertainties in the use of a coarse-scale model for estimating canopy foliar R_m at regional scales depend on uncertainties in representing needle-level respiration and on uncertainties in representing the spatial variability of canopy foliar N across a region. The development of spatial data sets of canopy foliar N represents a major challenge in estimating canopy foliar maintenance respiration at regional scales.     

无机-有机混合改良剂对酸性重金属复合污染土壤的修复效应

本研究首先通过土壤培养实验,研究了在"石灰+沸石"的基础上,配施不同无机磷、不同有机物对酸性重金属复合污染土壤的改良效果,从中筛选4个最佳改良剂配方,并设置两种改良剂浓度梯度,以空心菜为供试植物进行盆栽实验.土壤培养实验显示,在施加"石灰+沸石"的基础上,配施有机肥或(和)无机磷能够进一步提高土壤pH,降低土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn的有效态含量;蘑菇渣和猪粪对土壤中4种重金属的固化效果优于鸡粪,钙镁磷肥的效果优于羟基磷灰石和磷矿粉.盆栽实验发现,8种处理均显著增加了土壤pH和降低了Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn的有效态含量,其中,处理H1、H2、H4(即在4 g·kg~(-1)沸石+2 g·kg~(-1)石灰石+3 g·kg~(-1)钙镁磷肥(磷矿粉)基础上,配施4 g·kg~(-1)有机物(猪粪或蘑菇渣))改良土壤后,空心菜生长健康,其地上部Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn含量均可达到食品卫生标准.比较土壤中重金属的化学形态,改良剂可能通过增加土壤pH及与重金属发生沉吸、附淀、络合等一系列反应,促进重金属由可交换态向铁锰氧化物结合态转换,从而显著降低了土壤重金属的生物有效性和减少空心菜对重金属的吸收.