减排措施与气象因子对2013—2019年中国大陆地区PM2.5浓度变化的贡献

利用地面气象观测站数据计算的大气自净能力指数（Atmospheric Self-cleaning ability Index，简称ASI）和环境监测站PM_2.5实测数据，评估了中国大陆地区2014—2019年相对于2013年（"大气国十条"实施初期）污染物总体排放率的相对变化，给出了PM_2.5浓度削减量中气象条件和减排措施的相对贡献.研究结果显示，2014年全国排放率总体已下降，2017年各地区全面实现减排，较2013年全国平均减排36.11%，2019年减排幅度进一步加大，至48.50%，其中中东部地区整体减排力度大于西部和东北部地区.2015和2016年秋冬，重点区域持续性重污染频发现象的出现是不利气象条件背景与减排略有放松共同作用的结果，但持续的减排措施对于遏制空气质量的恶化起到了积极作用.2019年，京津冀、汾渭平原、长三角等9个重点区域PM_2.5浓度相较2013年明显降低，高空气质量至少一半以上的原因来源于人为减排，气象因子的贡献相对较小，仅为3%~18%，一些区域气象因子对PM_2.5的改善甚至起到负作用.2013年"大气国十条"实施以来，全国各重点区域有效的污染排放控制确实对空气质量改善起到了决定性作用.本文研发的分离气象和减排措施对PM_2.5浓度变化中相对贡献的方法，使用的定量关系简单、明确，所使用的数据客观、可靠，有利于快速估算和决策.     

Comparison of inorganic chemical compositions of atmospheric TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 in northern and southern Chinese coastal cities

To compare the inorganic chemical compositions of TSP(total suspended paniculate),PM_(10)(particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm) and PM_(2.5)(particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) in southern and northern cities in China,atmospheric particles were synchronously collected in Dalian(the northern city)and Xiamen(the southern city) in spring and autumn of 2004.The mass concentrations,twenty-three elements and nine soluble ions were assessed.The results show that in Dalian,the mass concentrations of Mg,Al,Ca,Mn and Fe in spring were 4.0-10.1,2.6-8.0,4.1-12,1.2-3.6 and 2.9-7.9 times higher,respectively,than those in Xiamen.The dust storm influence is more obvious in Dalian in spring.However,in Xiamen,heavy metals accounted for 13.9%-17.9%of TSP,while heavy metals contributed to 5.5%-9.3%of TSP in Dalian.These concentrations suggest that heavy metal pollution in Xiamen was more serious.In addition,the concentrations of Na~+,Cl~-,Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) were higher in Dalian due to the influence of marine aerosol,construction activities and soil dust.The NO~(3-)/SO_4~(2-) ratios in Dalian(0.25-0.49) were lower than those in Xiamen(0.51-0.62),indicating that the contributions of vehicle emission to particles in Xiamen were higher.Coefficient of divergence values was higher than 0.40,implying that the inorganic chemical composition profiles for the particles of Dalian and Xiamen were quite different from each other.     

Multivariate correlation analysis of bio-accumulation with soil properties and potential health risks of cadmium and lead in rice seeds and cabbage in pollution zones,China

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - A total of 475 representative cultivated land and 435 crop samples from 11 provinces of China were collected, and lead and cadmium in 6 polluted areas by...     

大气气溶胶酸度的研究进展

大气气溶胶的环境效应、气候效应和健康效应均与气溶胶的物理化学性质直接相关,其中大气气溶胶酸度是其重要的性质之一。大气气溶胶酸度对酸沉降、灰霾的形成具有重要作用,并影响大气非均相化学反应,相关研究已成为国际研究的热点。对国内外学者近年来在大气气溶胶酸度对大气环境与人体健康的影响、大气气溶胶酸度的影响因素与变化规律、大气气溶胶酸度/酸化缓冲能力的测定与计算方法、大气气溶胶酸性成分采集系统等方面的研究进展作了较系统的综述,并对大气气溶胶酸度研究未来的发展进行了展望。     

我国环境空气颗粒物质量基准研究框架及研究体系的构建

空气颗粒物来源广泛、组成复杂,我国目前尚未有一套基于完整科学理论和足量实测数据支持的颗粒物基准体系,导致其来源、暴露水平、健康和环境风险信息量不足,相关标准制、修订的依据不足. 解析了美国环境空气质量管理的模式,并追踪了美国基准文件的发布历程和世界卫生组织导则值的发布和修订历程. 辨析了环境空气颗粒物质量基准与标准的内涵,分析了空气颗粒物质量基准研究对环境空气质量标准制/修订的支撑作用. 综合国外环境基准体系框架构成和已有研究成果,结合国内空气颗粒物质量基准研究现状和存在的问题,基于“污染源—环境空气浓度—暴露水平与剂量—健康/环境效应与风险”的各环节研究方法与目标,提出了“2-4-4”基准研究框架体系,即颗粒物质量基准研究包括空气颗粒物人体健康基准和空气颗粒物环境效应基准两部分,其中人体健康基准包括颗粒物污染特征与来源解析、个体暴露、剂量-效应关系及人体健康效应四部分,空气颗粒物环境效应基准包括颗粒物对生态系统、能见度、建筑物和材料、气候的影响四部分. 建议我国应开展大气污染健康影响前瞻性队列研究和对生态环境影响研究,采用多种方法,包括近期发展的暴露组学方法,系统研究空气颗粒物特别是PM_2.5载带的有毒有害组分对公众健康的危害和风险;基于我国人群或区域调查结果,建立我国空气颗粒物特别是PM_2.5环境质量基准体系,定期发布质量基准文件.      

大气挥发性有机化合物环境基准研究进展与展望

挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)中的许多物种对人体具有危害性,同时,VOCs对大气环境产生着重要的影响。目前我国部分区域大气VOCs污染已经十分严重,控制大气VOCs污染对于改善环境空气质量,保护人体健康具有重要意义。国际上许多国家或国际组织制定了大气VOCs环境基准或者发布了大气VOCs环境基准指导值,这对于加强VOCs污染控制及环境管理可以起到重要作用。我国尚未制定大气VOCs环境基准,亟待开展系统的研究工作。在综述国际大气VOCs环境基准研究进展,介绍当前我国大气VOCs环境基准研究情况的基础上,分析了我国大气VOCs环境基准的研究需求,并对今后的系统研究提出了建议。     

发光细菌法测定有机工业废水综合毒性

应用发光细菌法对啤酒、酿造、印染、化纤、造纸废水进行了生物毒性测定；根据水质毒性分级标准对水样毒性进行了评价。结果表明，不同行业废水的生物毒性与其TOC值之间不存在相关性，只有将二者相结合，才能正确反映废水的实际毒性大小。发光细菌法用于工业废水毒性评价具有快速、简便、灵敏和准确的优点。     

Prospect of China's ambient air quality standards

Ambient air quality standards are the core strategic goal of ambient air quality management. Countries worldwide have given importance to research on the development of ambient air quality standards. To understand the history of the development of China's ambient air quality standards, this study analyzed the background associated with all previous formulations and revisions of the standards, classification of functional areas, standard grading, pollutants, and evolution of the standard limits over the past 40 years. The results show that since the initial release of the “Ambient Air Quality Standard” by China in 1982, it has been supplemented once, revised twice, and modified twice. The first ambient air quality standard specified the standard limits of six pollutants commonly found in ambient air. With the development of ambient air quality management, the number of pollutants has increased to ten. Since the release of the “Ambient Air Quality Standards” in 2012, the ambient air quality in China has significantly improved. However, the proportion of cities meeting these standards is still low. At present, China is suitably positioned to make the standards associated with 24 hr SO₂ concentrations more stringent such that it meets the values defined in the World Health Organization (WHO) interim target-2 and the WHO air quality guideline (AQG). We further suggested that the SO₂ standard should be revised promptly. Simultaneously, regions with a relatively high proportion of cities meeting the standard are encouraged to introduce more stringent interim target limits in due course to manage the local ambient air quality.     

铅大气污染物环境保护标准限值研究

铅因其对公众健康的影响,其大气污染物标准限值的合理性倍受关注.论文对比分析了国内外铅大气污染物环境质量与排放标准,通过计算提出基于保护环境空气质量的排放标准理论限值及建议限值.分析发现,目前国际上铅环境空气质量标准浓度限值为0.00015～0.0015 mg·m~(-3),但多采用世界卫生组织(WHO)的年均浓度限值0.0005 mg·m~(-3);建议我国今后修订标准时对铅年均浓度和季均浓度限值进一步加严.与发达国家相比,我国铅环境空气质量季均浓度限值水平已显落后;国际上目前各类排放源铅大气污染物排放浓度限值在0.04～2 mg·m~(-3)之间,金属冶炼源等主要源的排放浓度限值在1～2 mg·m~(-3),其他排放源均在0.5 mg·m~(-3)以下;我国铅、锌熔炼源正在执行的排放浓度限值(8 mg·m~(-3))较为宽松,而其他源的铅大气排放浓度限值与国际上的限值基本一致.通过计算认为,保护公众健康的铅大气污染物的理论排放限值为1.2～2.4 mg·m~(-3).考虑到我国的经济技术水平,建议铅、锌熔炼源的铅大气污染物新建企业排放浓度限值为2 mg·m~(-3);其他源的新建企业排放浓度建议限值为0.5 mg·m~(-3).经过过渡期,现有企业应达到新建企业的排放控制要求.铅的企业边界浓度排放限值是保护企业边界附近公众健康的有效屏障,但鉴于铅的污染特性,对于具体建设项目应加强环评力度,提出更具体明确的排放控制要求,并加强对企业周边环境敏感点的环境监测等,采取综合措施保护公众健康.     

Chemical composition, mass closure and sources of atmospheric PM10 from industrial sites in Shenzhen, China

Concentrations of atmospheric PM10 and chemical components (including twenty-one elements, nine ions, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)) were measured at five sites in a heavily industrial region of Shenzhen, China in 2005. Results showed that PM10 concentrations exhibited the highest values at 264 μg/m3 at the site near a harbor with the influence of harbor activities. Sulfur exhibited the highest concentrations (from 2419 to 3995 ng/m3) of all the studied elements, which may be related to the influence of coal used as fuel in this area for industrial plants. This was verified by the high mass percentages of SO42-, which accounted for 34.3%-39.7% of the total ions. NO3-/SO42- ratios varied from 0.64-0.71, which implies coal combustion was predominant compared with vehicle emission. The anion/cation ratios range was close to 0.95, indicating anion deficiency in this region. The harbor site showed the highest OC and EC concentrations, with the influence of emission from vessels. Secondary organic carbon accounted for about 22.6%-38.7% of OC, with the highest percentage occurring at the site adjacent to a coal-fired power plant and wood plant. The mass closure model performed well in this heavily industrial region, with significant correlation obtained between chemically determined and gravimetrically measured PM10 mass. The main constituents of PM10 were found to be organic materials (30.9%-69.5%), followed by secondary inorganic aerosol (7.9%-25.0%), crustal materials (6.7%-13.8%), elemental carbon (3.5%-10.8%), sea salt (2.4%-6.2%) and trace elements (2.0%-4.9%) in this heavily industrialized region. Principal component analysis indicated that the main sources for particulate matter in this industrial region were crustal materials and coal/wood combustion, oil combustion, secondary aerosols, industrial processes and vehicle emission.