复合喷动塔内蒸发特性的数值模拟与实验研究

分析了描述喷动塔内气液流动、雾化、蒸发、碰壁的数学模型,运用上述模型模拟脱硫塔内蒸发特性,得到了入口介质条件对塔内蒸发特性及液相水含量的影响,通过与实验值比较验证了模型的可靠性。模拟结果表明:液滴蒸发强度呈现先升高后降低趋势,在距离喷嘴300 mm处达到最大值;在一、二级塔体交界处,由于受多级喷动结构影响,液滴蒸发速率明显升高;液滴截面质量流率沿塔体轴向逐渐降低,在1 500 m处基本蒸发完毕;蒸发强度与喷嘴雾化压力呈非单调关系,烟气温度和含湿量对一级塔内液态水含量有3倍~5倍的影响;数值模拟结果与实验值基本一致,可以作为研究塔内液滴蒸发特性的有效工具。     

Analysis of groundwater contamination using concentration-time series recorded during an integral pumping test: bias introduced by strong concentration gradients within the plume

When only few monitoring wells are available to assess the extent and level of groundwater contamination, inversion of concentration breakthrough curves acquired during an integral pumping test can be used as an alternative quantification method. The idea is to use concentration-time series recorded during integral pumping tests through an inversion technique to estimate contaminant mass fluxes crossing a control plane. In this paper, we examine how a longitudinal concentration gradient along a contaminant plume length scale affects the estimated inversed-concentration distribution and its associated mass flux. The analytically inversed-concentration distribution at the imaginary control plane (ICP) is compared to a numerically generated concentration distribution, treating the latter one as a "real contaminant plume" characterized by the presence of a longitudinal concentration gradient. It is found that the analytically inversed-concentration can lead to overestimation or underestimation of concentration distribution values depending on the transport time period and dispersivity values. At lower dispersivity values, with shorter transport time periods, the analytically inversed-concentration distribution overestimates the "real" concentration distribution. A better fit of the estimated concentration distribution to the "real" one is observed when the transport time period increases, i.e. when the advective front has already crossed the ICP. However, for higher dispersivity values, underestimation of the real concentration distribution is observed. Deviation of the inversed-concentration distribution from the "real" one is assessed for a site-specific concentration gradient term. A concentration gradient adjusted contaminant mass flux is thus formulated to evaluate groundwater contamination levels at a given time period through an ICP. This concentration gradient ratio can indicate whether the ICP is well positioned to evaluate accurately contaminant mass fluxes which are representative of groundwater contamination levels.