提高化学需氧量质控合格率的研究

大庆油田化工总厂废水中化学需氧量（COD）的测定采用库仑法。为了提高质控合格率，从人员素质、仪器设备、电级内液等9个方面分析寻找导致误差的主要影响因素并制定对策。同时对影响电极内液及消解的因素进行正交实验确定最佳条件。结果使库仑法质控合格率由90％提高到95％，测定38次标样全部合格。     

Oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by horseradish peroxidase in water containing an organic cosolvent

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental contaminants that are toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic. We investigated the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-catalyzed oxidation of PAHs in water containing N,N-dimethylformamide. Four PAHs (anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and fluoranthene) were investigated using single-PAH and mixed-PAH systems. The results provide useful information regarding the preferential oxidation of anthracene over other PAHs regardless of the reaction time, enzyme dosage, and hydrogen peroxide concentration. The removal of PAHs was found to be very strongly correlated with the ionization potential (IP), and much greater PAH oxidation was observed at a lower IP. The oxidation of anthracene was specifically pH- and temperature-dependent, with the optimal pH and temperature being 8.0 and 40 °C, respectively. The redox mediators 1-hydroxybenzotriazole and veratryl alcohol promoted the transformation of anthracene by HRP; 9,10-anthraquinone was the main product detected from the anthracene oxidation system. The results of this study not only provide a better understanding of the oxidation of PAHs by utilizing a plant biocatalyst, but also provide a theoretical basis for establishing the HRP-catalyzed treatment of PAH-contaminated wastewater.     

碘铈共掺杂纳米TiO_2的制备及可见光光催化性能

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了不同原料比例碘铈共掺杂纳米TiO2催化剂,运用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）,X射线衍射（XRD）,透射电镜（TEM）等检测手段对催化剂进行了初步表征.结果表明,经过450℃煅烧处理得到的TiO2、铈掺杂TiO2以及碘铈共掺杂TiO2催化剂均为锐钛矿相,掺杂的Ce和I原子可能以I—Ce—O及O—Ti—I等键合方式进入TiO2晶格内部,此外,I-Ce离子共掺杂能有效降低TiO2表面的电子-空穴对的复合.以染料罗丹明B（Rhodamine B,RhB）和无色小分子水杨酸（Salicylic acid,SA）为降解的目标化合物,发现碘铈共掺杂的最佳物质的量之比为nCe∶nI∶nTi=0.04∶0.05∶1,即I0.05Ce0.04TiO2催化剂在可见光照射下（λ〉420 nm）降解目标化合物其光化学活性明显优于单掺铈的TiO2催化剂和未掺杂的TiO2.该催化反应涉及到空穴氧化,并伴有羟基自由基（.OH）、超氧自由基（O2.-）及H2O2等氧化物种的产生.     

Stereoselective toxicity of malathion and its metabolites, malaoxon and isomalathion

In recent years, the stereoselective toxicity of chiral organophosphorus pesticides has received increasing attention from environmental toxicology scientists. In an attempt to explore the stereoselective effects of chiral organophosphorus pesticides on non-target organisms and enzymes, this work investigated the stereoselective toxicity and inhibition of malathion, malaoxon and isomalathion on Daphnia magna and on acid α-naphthyl acetate esterase extracted from wheat flour, respectively. Toxicity differences were observed between the two enantiomers of malathion and malaoxon and among the four stereoisomers of isomalathion in the LC50 values on D. magna and the IC50 values on acid α-naphthyl acetate esterase. Enantiomers with (R)-configuration in all the tested compounds showed higher toxicity to D. magna than their (S)-forms and racemic forms. Racemic malaoxon and isomalathion showed the strongest inhibition on acid α-naphthyl acetate esterase compared to their respective enantiomers and stereoisomers.     

NDVI indicated characteristics of vegetation cover change in China��s metropolises over the last three decades

How urban vegetation was influenced by three decades of intensive urbanization in China is of great interest but rarely studied. In this paper, we used satellite derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and socioeconomic data to evaluate effects of urbanization on vegetation cover in China??s 117 metropolises over the last three decades. Our results suggest that current urbanization has caused deterioration of urban vegetation across most cities in China, particularly in East China. At the national scale, average urban area NDVI (NDVI_u) significantly decreased during the last three decades (P?<?0.01), and two distinct periods with different trends can be identified, 1982?C1990 and 1990?C2006. NDVI_u did not show statistically significant trend before 1990 but decrease remarkably after 1990 (P?<?0.01). Different regions also showed difference in the timing of NDVI_u turning point. The year when NDVI_u started to decline significantly for Central China and East China was 1987 and 1990, respectively, while NDVI_u in West China remained relatively constant until 1998. NDVI_u changes in the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta, two regions which has been undergoing the most rapid urbanization in China, also show different characteristics. The Pearl River Delta experienced a rapid decline in NDVI_u from the early 1980s to the mid-1990s; while in the Yangtze River Delta, NDVI_u did not decline significantly until the early 1990s. Such different patterns of NDVI_u changes are closely linked with policy-oriented difference in urbanization dynamics of these regions, which highlights the importance of implementing a sustainable urban development policy.     

可降解塑料生物降解性测试方法研究

通过对３种可陈解塑料生物降解性测试方法进行的实验研究，分析了各种方法的优缺点，对将来开发合理可行的标准测试方法提出了建议。     

纳滤膜在垃圾渗滤液深度处理中应用

利用纳滤膜技术处理MBR二级处理后出水,研究纳滤膜在垃圾渗滤液应用中回收率及进出水COD变化情况。工程试验结果表明:当MBR出水COD小于800 mg/L～900 mg/L,纳滤膜出水COD小于100 mg/L;纳滤系统直通式运行回收率40%～50%;内循环式运行回收率75%～80%,浓缩段回收率9.3%～11.8%,总回收率80.4%～82.0%;根据膜面运行流速要求,进膜的流量需大于8 m3/h;进膜压力、进水流量和循环流量是影响膜通量大小的关键因素。     

膜生物反应器技术在填埋场和堆肥场垃圾渗滤处理中对比研究

通过比较MBR系统在填埋场早期、晚期、低碳氮比、高碳氮比,堆肥场高碳氮比渗滤液处理实例效果,结果如下:超滤膜高效的截流作用,使系统内形成高浓度污泥,低负荷处理过程,早期填埋场和堆肥场渗滤液出水ρ(COD)<800 mg/L,晚期填埋场出水ρ(COD)<1000 mg/L;无论是填埋场早期,高碳氮比还是低碳氮比,堆肥场的渗滤液,都能够有效的降低氨氮值,使出水标准达到国家规定的标准限制。     

古运河镇江城区段沉积物重金属分布特征及危险评价

对古运河镇江电力路桥段和南水桥段沉积物进行柱状采样,通过电感耦合等离子质谱法测定沉积物柱状样中Cu、As、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr等重金属元素的含量,并对各污染物的污染水平、潜在生态危害和溯源进行系统分析.结果表明:①电力路桥段沉积物重金属污染主要为Pb、Cd,平均值分别为263、20 mg/kg;南水桥段沉积物重金属污染则主要为Cd、As,平均值分别为17、132 mg/kg.②对两个采样点沉积物重金属元素的单项潜在生态危害指数计算显示,其重金属生态分享程度大小顺序为Cd＞ As＞ Pb＞ Cu＞ Cr＞ Zn.③经底泥沉积物重金属相关性溯源分析,表明电力路桥段底泥中Pb、Cd、As的污染主要来自于人为排放,且来自于同一污染源;南水桥段底泥中Cu、Pb、As的污染主要来自于人为污染,且来自于同一污染源.     

生物质秸秆静态与动态厌氧消化产甲烷潜能对比研究

中温(32~35℃)环境下,通过对固含率为15%三种不同粒径的发酵物料(0.5 cm以下、1~2 cm、3~5 cm)的厌氧消化过程分析,并且对固含率20%、25%、30%与带消化液回流的厌氧发酵实验研究,结果表明:三种不同粒径发酵物料产气量最大的是<0.5 cm,其次依次为1~2 cm,3~5 cm,考虑到粒径小容易酸化的原因,选择秸秆厌氧消化的粒径范围0.5~2.0 cm;小麦秸秆无回流间歇发酵的产气率可达到每立方米发酵物料2~3 m3/d,带消化液回流的厌氧发酵产气率达到2.2 m3/(m3.d);初始固含率8%的发酵物料经过消化液回流、排剩,最终发酵物的固含率为16.4%;小麦秸秆无回流间歇发酵产甲烷潜能最大达249.0 m3/t,对应的固含率为25%,带消化液回流的厌氧发酵产甲烷潜能达223.06 m3/t。