Gas chromatographic separation and determination of chloroanthracene isomers on fly ash

An efficient, reproducible and rapid fused silica capillary column gas chromatographic method, in splitless mode, for analysing of the three chloroanthracene isomers is described. The method affords efficient separation and good linearity for each isomer in the range of 0.2 -200 μg/ml. The method can also be used in separation and determination of another thirty three aromatic and their halosubstituted compounds. This paper also presents the applications of the method in analysing of complex products mixture from reaction of the selected aromatic compounds with hydrogen chloride on fly ash surface from municipal incinerator.     

Methane emission from lakes

A physico-chemical model to describe methane and carbon dioxide emission from lakes was developed. The model describes the emission by diffusion, bubbles and plants. The intensity of the fluxes can be calculated either for total or particular emission in dependence on gas bubbles composition. It was found, that diffusional (Q) and bubble (J) fluxes depend on the methane molar ratio (X) in bubbles as follows: [formula: see text]. The model allows to estimate the role of the methane oxidation by atmospheric oxygen in the total methane flux. It was shown, that the methane oxidation does not influence much methane fluxes to the atmosphere for most of the experimentally observed situations.     

Influence of plants on the methane emission from sediments

The previous theory [Chem. Global Change Sci. 3 (2001) 33; Chemosphere 50 (2003) 191] of methane emission is applied to vegetated sediments. The presence of roots in a sediment is taken into account. It is assumed that methane and nitrogen enter a sediment through channels existing in plants and roots. The rate of methane and nitrogen transport through plants and roots is proportional to the difference in concentrations in the layer and on the upper surface. It is established that as the vegetation density increases, the rate of methane transport increases so that with sufficient vegetation density, almost all methane passes to the atmosphere through plants. In this case, the value of bubble emission decreases to zero. The nitrogen transport rate through plants first increases and then decreases with increasing the vegetation density. The theory qualitatively and quantitatively describes the dependence of methane concentration on depth in the presence of plants. A comparison with the available experimental data on dissolved methane concentration and bubble composition indicates satisfactory agreement.     

散射光下铁(Ⅲ)-丙酮酸盐配合物还原铬(Ⅵ)的研究

研究了在散射光下铁（Ⅲ）-丙酮酸盐配合物对铬（Ⅵ）的光还原反应;考察了溶液pH、铁（Ⅲ）、丙酮酸钠、铬（Ⅵ）浓度对反应的影响;分析了铬（Ⅵ）光还原反应的动力学。实验结果表明：铁（Ⅲ）-丙酮酸盐配合物体系能在较弱的散射光下还原铬（Ⅵ）。在铬（Ⅵ）浓度为19．2μmol／L、铁（Ⅲ）浓度为10．0μmol／L、丙酮酸钠浓度为240μmol／L、pH为3．0、光照240min的条件下,铬（Ⅵ）的还原率达到99．7％。从表观动力学方程的反应级数看,铁（Ⅲ）的级数（0．83）最高,铁（Ⅲ）浓度是影响铬（Ⅵ）光还原反廊速率的主要因素．铁（Ⅱ）是铬（Ⅵ）光还原的主要还原剂。     

水稻杂交后代表观直链淀粉质量分数与蜡质基因(CT)n微卫星多态性的相关性

以来自２ 个水稻杂交组合的后代遗传群体为材料,研究了蜡质基因（ Ｗｘ） 微卫星标记（ＣＴ）ｎ 多态性与稻米表观直链淀粉质量分数（ ｗ（ＡＡ）） 之间的相关性． 第１ 个群体是浙农８０１０ 与嘉育２９３ 的杂交Ｆ６ 代育种品系,双亲均为籼稻,ｗ（ＡＡ） 分别为８ ．７％ 和２５．６ ％ ,Ｗｘ 基因型为分别为（ＣＴ）１８（ＣＴ）１８ 和（ＣＴ）１１（ＣＴ）１１ ．另一群体为ＣＭ１０１ 与ＩＧＲＡ４０９ 杂交Ｆ５ 家系,亲本ＣＭ１０１ 为一个粳型糯稻,Ｗｘ 基因型为（ＣＴ）１８（ＣＴ）１８ ;ＩＧＲＡ４０９ 为籼稻,ｗ（ＡＡ） ＝ ２７．５％ ,Ｗｘ 基因型为（ＣＴ）１１（ＣＴ）１１ ．结果发现,在２ 个杂交组合的后代群体中,高ｗ（ＡＡ） 材料Ｗｘ 基因型均为（ＣＴ）１１（ＣＴ）１１ ,低ｗ（ＡＡ） 及糯稻的均为（ＣＴ）１８（ＣＴ）１８ ,中等ｗ（ＡＡ） 材料的则为（ＣＴ）１８（ＣＴ）１１ 的杂合体．统计分析表明,Ｗｘ 基因型与ｗ（ＡＡ）之间存在显著的相关性,在浙农８０１０×嘉育２９３ 和ＣＭ１０１ ×ＩＧＲＡ４０９ 两个群体中相关系数分别达０ ．９５０９ 和０．９７０４．     

铁(Ⅲ)-丙酮酸盐配合物光解引发水中铬(Ⅵ)还原

初步研究了含有Fe(Ⅲ)及丙酮酸盐的溶液在高压汞灯照射下对铬(Ⅵ)的光还原反应．考察了溶液pH值、Fe(Ⅲ)浓度、丙酮酸钠浓度、Cr(Ⅵ)浓度对反应的影响．分析了光还原反应的动力学及反应机制．结果表明：铁-丙酮酸盐体系能光还原Cr(Ⅵ)；最佳pH为3．0；Cr(Ⅵ)光还原的初始速率随着加入的铁(Ⅲ)、丙酮酸盐、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度的增加而增加；实验条件下的表观动力学方程为：-dGCr(Ⅵ)／dt=0．021[Cr(Ⅵ)]0.39[Fe(Ⅲ)r1.05[CH3COCOONa]0.39；Fe(Ⅲ)-丙酮酸盐配合物光解产生的Fe(Ⅱ)是Cr(Ⅵ)的主要还原剂．     

Hair from different ethnic groups vary in elemental composition and nitrogen and phosphorus mineralisation in soil

Disposal of hair wastes at landfills causes nitrate leaching to ground water, and use of the waste as fertiliser could be a viable option. This study was to determine elemental composition of major hair types in South Africa and their nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) release in soil. Wastes of African, White and Indian hair were obtained from local salons and analysed for carbon (C), N and sulphur (S) with the Leco CNS analyzer, and P, bases, aluminium (Al) and micronutrients, with the ICP. We also conducted an incubation study to determine changes in mineral N and P in soil. Hair wastes were added to soil at increasing rates based on N, incubated at 25 °C with destructive sampling after 0, 28, 56 and 84 days and pH, ammonium-N, nitrate-N and extractable P measured. All data were subjected to analysis of variance. Indian and White hair had higher N than African. White hair had higher C and lower potassium (K) than those of other types. The Fe levels in hair were in the order White > African > Indian, whilst those of Al were African > Indian > White. African hair had higher calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and cobalt (Co) than the other types. Ammonium-N and nitrate-N releases were in the order: Indian > African > White, especially at higher rates. Ammonium-N increased in the first 28 days and declined thereafter, when nitrate-N increased and pH decreased. The findings implied that hair types differ in elemental composition and nitrogen release in soil, with implications on pollution and soil fertility.     

铬(Ⅵ)在铁(Ⅲ)-丙酮酸盐体系中的紫外光还原研究

初步研究了含有Fe(Ⅲ)及丙酮酸盐的溶液在紫外灯照射下对铬(Ⅵ)的光还原反应．考察了溶液pH值、Fe(Ⅲ)浓度、丙酮酸钠浓度、Cr(Ⅵ)浓度对反应的影响;分析了光还原反应的动力学及反应机制．结果表明,铁．丙酮酸盐体系能够光还原Cr(Ⅵ);最佳pH为3．0;Cr(Ⅵ)光还原的初始速率随着加入的铁(Ⅲ)、丙酮酸盐、Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度的增加而增加;表观动力学方程为-dCcr(Ⅵ)／dt=0．023[Cr(Ⅵ)]^0.25[Fe(Ⅲ)^0.96[CH3COCOONa]^0.66;Fe(Ⅲ)-丙酮酸盐配合物光解产生的Fe(Ⅱ)是Cr(Ⅵ)的主要还原剂．     

Fe(Ⅲ)-OH配合物同时引发水中Cr(Ⅵ)光还原和甲基橙光氧化

在250 W照明金属卤化物灯(λ≥313 nm)照射下,Fe(Ⅲ)-OH配合物能同时引发水中Cr(Ⅵ)的光还原和偶氮染料甲基橙的光氧化,并且同时Cr(Ⅵ)光还原和甲基橙光氧化效率都较Fe(Ⅲ)-OH配合物单独作用下的效率有明显提高.在c(Fe(Ⅲ)),c(Cr(Ⅵ))和c(甲基橙)为25～200 μmol/L时,pH=3.0是最佳值;c(Fe(Ⅲ))的增加同时有利于Cr(Ⅵ)光还原和甲基橙光氧化;c(Cr(Ⅵ))为25 μmol/L时,其自身光还原的初始速率最大,甲基橙光氧化反应初始速率则随c(Cr(Ⅵ))和c(甲基橙)的增大而减小.      

Theoretical consideration of methane emission from sediments

A stationary theory of gas emission from sedimentary (active) layers of wetlands is developed. The theory takes into account methane generation in a sedimentary layer (W1) and its depth dependence, (W1(z)), the solubility, determined by Henry's constant (K1), and the mobility of methane molecules set by the methane diffusion coefficient (D1). The exponential dependence of methane generation rate decay with depth is considered in more detail. The penetration of atmospheric nitrogen into the active layer is also taken into consideration. It is shown that the value of diffusion methane flux from sedimentary layers is proportional to square root(K1D1P0W10) where P0 characterizes the atmospheric pressure and W10 characterizes the maximum generation rate. Coefficients relating the diffusion methane flux to the square root(K1D1P0W10) value are calculated for the different depth dependencies of methane generation rate. The values of these coefficients are not much different from unity for most real cases.