Control of NOx emissions by air staging in small- and medium-scale biomass pellet boilers

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The effect of air staging strategies on NOx control was investigated on a 210-kW small-scale biomass boiler (SBB) and a 1.4-MW medium-scale biomass...     

Excretion of manure-borne estrogens and androgens and their potential risk estimation in the Yangtze River Basin

The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, and the river basin spans one fifth of the area of the whole country. Based on statistical data, the excretion of manure-borne steroid hormones, including steroid estrogens(SEs) and steroid androgens(SAs), in 10 provinces of China within the region has been estimated. The potential environmental and ecological risk of manure-borne steroid estrogens to the surface water in this region was also assessed. The manure-borne SE and SA excretions in the 10 provinces and municipalities vary in the order: Sichuan Hunan Hubei Yunnan Jiangsu Anhui Jiangxi Chongqing Qinghai Shanghai. The highest increase of manure-borne SEs(1434.3 kg)and SAs(408.5 kg) was found in Hunan and Hubei provinces, respectively, and the total excretion in 2013 was 65% more than 15 years earlier in these two provinces. However, the emissions in Anhui and Shanghai decreased in this 15 year period of time. Swine urine,chicken feces, cattle urine, and laying hen feces were considered the dominant sources of manure-borne E1, βE2, αE2, and SAs, respectively. Although Jiangsu province did not have the largest excretion of manure-borne SEs, it had the highest level of predicted17β-estradiol equivalency(EEQs) value of 16.65 ng/L in surface water because of the limited surface water resources. According to the lowest observable effect level of 10 ng/L for17β-estradiol, the manure-borne SEs in Jiangsu province might potentially pose ecological risk to its wild aquatic organisms.     

基于油松树轮宽度重建河北青龙过去123年平均相对湿度

相对湿度的研究对理解古气候变化有着重要的科学意义,但是目前国内利用树轮资料重建的历史时期相对湿度变化十分有限。本文利用油松树轮宽度重建了河北青龙地区1890—2012年5—7月的平均相对湿度变化,重建序列的方差解释量为39.1%(减少自由度后为38.0%)。重建序列显示出5个湿润期(1895—1899年,1906—1914年,1924—1926年,1950—1955年,1984—2000年)和5个干旱期(1900—1905年,1917—1921年,1927—1949年,1956—1973年,1975—1981年)。重建序列和观测数据均与邻近研究区的PDSI对应良好,表明该序列具有较强的空间代表性,可以反映河北北部地区的平均相对湿度变化情况。本研究表明研究区相对湿度变化不仅受局地气候控制,还可能受到ENSO影响。     

Superior trichloroethylene removal from water by sulfide-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron/graphene aerogel composite

Sulfide-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) is a promising material for removal of organic pollutants from water, but S-nZVI nanoparticles (NPs) easily agglomerate and have poor contact with organic contaminants. Herein, we propose a new S-nZVI/graphene aerogel (S-nZVI/GA) composite which exhibits superior removal capability for trichloroethylene (TCE) from water. Three-dimensional porous graphene aerogel (GA) can improve the efficiency of electron transport, enhance the adsorption of organic pollutants and restrain the agglomeration of the core-shell S-nZVI NPs. The TCE removal rates of FeS, nZVI, GA and S-nZVI were 27.8%, 42%, 63% and 75% in 2?hr, respectively. Furthermore, TCE was completely removed within 50?min by S-nZVI/GA. The TCE removal rate increased with increasing pH and temperature, and TCE removal followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The results demonstrate the great potential of S-nZVI/GA composite as a low-cost, easily separated and superior monolithic adsorbent for removal of organic pollutants.     

Water resource conservation promotes synergy between economy and environment in China’s northern drylands

•Considering evenness provides a more accurate assessment of sustainable development. •Water resource conservation drives industrial transformation. •Synergy between economic development and environmental protection is achieved. •Regional collaboration over water could promote sustainable development in drylands. Water resource availability is the major limiting factor for sustainable development in drylands. Climate change intensifies the conflicting water demands between people and the environment and highlights the importance of effective water resource management for achieving a balance between economic development and environmental protection. In 2008, Inner Mongolia, typical dryland in northern China, proposed strict regulations on water exploitation and utilization aimed at achieving sustainable development. Our study is the first to investigate the effectiveness and performance of these long-standing water conservation regulations. Our analyses found that the regulations drove industrial transformation, evidenced by the decreasing proportion of environmentally harmful industries such as coal and steel, and the increasing proportion of tertiary industries (especially tourism). Following industrial transformation, economic development decoupled from industrial water consumption and subsequently led to reduced negative environmental impacts. Based on these results, adaptive strategies were developed for 12 cities by revealing and integrating their development pathways and relative status in achieving sustainable development. Integration and cooperation between cities were proposed, e.g., a water trade agreement between eastern Inner Mongolia (an economically underdeveloped region with relatively abundant water resources) and central Inner Mongolia (an economically developed region with high water stress). Such an agreement may enable the holistic achievement of sustainable development across regions. By integrating the findings of our research, our study presents a reproducible framework for water-management-based sustainable development strategies in drylands.     

甘肃竺尼山油松树轮宽度气候响应

甘肃省中部是东亚夏季风活动边缘带,也是我国北方环境敏感带,降水是制约当地农业社会发展的重要因素,因此对该区域过去降水变化开展研究有重要意义。本文在甘肃中部渭源县竺尼山采集油松树轮样本,建立了STD和RES年表。计算表明,RES年表与上年8月到当年7月的年降水总量相关最高(r=0.59),二者存在比较一致的变化趋势,因此竺尼山RES年表可以代表当地过去降水的变化信息,它与同处于东亚季风边缘带的兴隆山和吐鲁沟的树轮年表(也被用来重建了当地的年降水变化)显著相关。三个地点树轮宽度变化一致,树木径向生长均受控于降水。     

土壤环境中硝基苯的微波萃取-气相色谱法检测技术的研究

土壤环境中的硝基苯是难于检测的一类化学污染物。本研究以受到硝基苯污染的松花江水灌溉的哈尔滨流域的农田为研究对象,采用＂微波萃取-气相色谱法＂,研究了模拟受到硝基苯污染土壤环境中的硝基苯含量和实际检测了松花江水灌溉的农田的硝基苯,研究了微波消解和气相色谱测定条件。结果显示：1.0mg/L～15.0 mg/L范围内线性良好,硝基苯的最低检出限为0.012,回收率为92.4%～99.4%。松花江流域农田土壤硝基苯含量未检出,即没有硝基苯污染。     

硅促进水稻种子萌发及缓解幼苗砷毒性的效应研究

通过As~(Ⅲ)胁迫下水稻种子的发芽试验和幼苗毒性试验,研究了外源硅对水稻种子发芽率、幼苗生长的影响及其缓解幼苗砷毒性的效应。外源硅的2种处理方式为种子萌发时添加外源硅(Si1)和采用硅处理液浸种(Si2)。结果表明,发芽时介质中As浓度达到10 mg·L~(-1)时显著抑制水稻种子萌发(P0.05),发芽率仅为80%,但是Si1和Si2处理下发芽率则提高到97%和100%,这说明外源硅可促进砷胁迫下水稻种子萌发;砷浓度≥5 mg·L~(-1)时,Si1和Si2处理均可提高水稻的相对幼苗高度和根耐性指数,提高幅度分别为6.00%~16.8%和57.9%~77.0%、7.10%~23.5%和54.2%~61.2%,并且降低了水稻幼苗砷含量,降低幅度分别为17.8%~21.4%和31.0%~49.1%。这说明外源硅处理可促进砷胁迫下水稻幼苗的生长;不同砷浓度处理与水稻芽长、根长及幼苗干重之间存在"S"型的剂量-效应关系,且外源硅显著提高了相应的EC50,缓解了砷对水稻幼苗生长的毒性。综上所述,砷胁迫下水稻种子萌发时添加外源硅或采用硅处理液浸种均可促进水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长,并降低了幼苗砷累积和缓解砷对水稻幼苗的毒性。     

电控膜生物反应器技术回顾与展望

电控膜生物反应器(Electrical membrane bioreactor,eMBR)在膜生物反应器中引入电极反应、电场效应,将膜分离技术、微生物降解以及电化学水处理技术有机结合,提升出水水质、减缓膜污染、强化产生物气,对构建"碳中和"型污水处理技术模式具有重要科学意义和应用价值.近年来,膜材料科学和反应器设计不断发展,推动eMBR技术进步,在强化污染物去除、电化学控制膜污染和微生物电化学响应原理方面取得重要进展;对eMBR的研究出现新态势:注重导电膜/膜电极材料研制与应用、回收污水中资源与能源、短流程-无药剂的反应器构造和工艺设计.本文总结回顾了国内外相关研究,分析了eMBR的基本特征和优势功能,重点关注膜污染电控原理以及微生物的电场响应机制,并展望了eMBR的发展趋势,以期推动电驱动膜分离技术的研究与应用.