考虑火源位置的船舶机舱火-热-结构耦合研究

为准确分析真实火灾条件下的船舶机舱结构力学行为,克服传统标准温升法的缺陷,提出基于火灾动力学模拟器(FDS)和ANSYS的火-热-结构力学耦合分析方法;采用FDS仿真模拟真实火灾场景,获得近机舱内壁面处时变温度场信息,以此温度场信息为边界条件,传输到结构力学行为仿真软件ANSYS中,对机舱结构加载温度荷载并进行瞬态热分...     

Institutional frameworks for sustainability? A comparative analysis of the forest sectors of Russia and the Baltic States

After the break-up of the Soviet system, the divergence in forest management among Soviet republics became obvious. While the forest sectors of the Baltic States have been fundamentally changed, Russia has not been able to develop an institutional framework that would fit the prerequisites for social-ecological resilience. It is argued that sustainable development requires institutional frameworks that have the capacity to adapt and learn, and thus to treat policies as experiments that are constantly assessed and readjusted. This, however, requires a participatory approach and in this respect the Baltic States are believed to be on a more promising track. Finally, it is concluded that only to the extent that suitable institutional frameworks will be developed will social-ecological resilience be a significant feature of the natural resources management in the former communist countries.     

改进的一次二阶矩计算埋地管道失效概率方法及其应用

为探究不同影响因素对埋地管道运行安全的影响,基于改进的一次二阶矩计算方法,综合考虑埋地管道环向受力和纵向受力的特性,依据应力-强度理论和钢制管道结构设计规范建立了埋地管道失效结构功能函数;通过对ABAQUS软件中的UVARM模块进行二次开发,建立了腐蚀、温度和不均匀沉降耦合作用下的三维管道-地层整体模型,模拟不同管道参数下的管道状况.运用该方法对工程实例进行了计算,分析可靠指标和失效概率的分布情况.结果表明:埋地管道工作内压与管道失效概率呈正相关关系,管道壁厚和管径与失效概率呈负相关关系;在影响参数变化相同的条件下,管道中部失效概率变化最快,两端的失效概率变化较慢.该模型计算结果体现了管道不同部位失效概率的特点,在管道设计、维护和风险评估方面有一定的借鉴意义.     

Urban mining: hibernating copper stocks in local power grids

Large technical systems serving the everyday needs of people, such as water supply systems, power grids or communication networks, are rich in accumulated metals. Over time, parts of these systems have been taken out of use without the system infrastructure being removed from its original location. Such metal stocks in hibernation thus constitute potential resource reservoirs accessible for recovery. In this paper, obsolete stocks of copper situated in the local power grids of two Swedish cities are quantified. Emphasis is also on economic conditions for extracting such “hibernating” cables. The results show that on a per customer basis, the two power grids contain similar amounts of copper, i.e. 0.04–0.05 tonnes per subscriber. However, the share of the copper stock that is in hibernation differs between the grids. In the larger grid of Gothenburg, almost 20% of the copper accumulated in the grid is no longer in use, while the obsolete share does not exceed 5% in the city of Linköping. For managers of local power grids, recovery of hibernating cables could be beneficial if integrated with other maintenance work on the grid. At the present price of copper, however, separate recovery of obsolete cables is not economically justified.     

Urban growth management in Jeddah

The towns and cities of Saudi Arabia have been subjected to sustained growth pressures since the transformation of the country's economy following the discovery of oil in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom. The rapid growth which has been experienced has created major problems for the central and local government agencies responsible for planning and managing urban growth. The experience of Jeddah, one of the major cities in Saudi Arabia, is described and the problems of planning and managing its growth are analysed. Weaknesses relating to the structure of the planning system are identified, as are major difficulties in relation to the quality and quantity of professional staff. Recent attempts to improve the operation of the planning system are described and evaluated.     

高黏度污泥螺带螺杆搅拌混合特性的数值模拟

污泥处理过程通常需要加入添加剂,而高黏度污泥流动性差,搅拌混合是一个难点。选用螺带螺杆搅拌器加添加剂搅拌高黏度污泥,用Solid Works软件几何建模后,将模型导入Gambit划分网格,结合Fluent软件选用多重参考系法(MRF)分别对双螺带螺杆搅拌器与单螺带螺杆搅拌器下的污泥与添加剂混合过程进行了模拟,对比了两种搅拌桨的混合时间、体积分数流场分布及混合效率,分析了不同加料区域的影响,并将搅拌功率模拟与试验结果进行了对比。结果表明:螺带螺杆搅拌器适用于高黏度污泥的搅拌且双螺带螺杆搅拌器混合时间更短,体积分数流场更快趋于稳定且混合效率更高;最佳加料区域为搅拌槽的中部。     

新疆巴音布鲁克草原不同退化程度对土壤特性影响

以高寒草原巴音布鲁克草原为研究对象,通过对不同类型草场的草地利用方式、土壤退化程度和植被类型差异的调查,分析不同类型草场退化程度对土壤理化特性的影响,揭示植被和地表特征及草地利用方式对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:高寒沼泽草场、高寒草原草场的草地利用方式合理,草地未退化,土壤养分含量高,植被状态良好,高寒草甸草场随放牧压力增大,生境退化程度加重,土壤退化程度加大,表现为土壤容重增大,含水率减少,土壤全磷和有机质浓度减少,植被盖度降低;不同类型草场退化程度与土壤容重、pH和水溶性盐浓度呈显著正相关,与含水率、全磷浓度、有机质浓度和植被盖度呈极显著负相关,与植被盖度相关系数高达-0.907,草场退化过程中土壤肥力因子与植被状态呈极显著正相关。     

Why do municipalities accept disaster waste? Evidence from the great east Japan earthquake

Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - Municipalities’ cooperation is critical for successful policy interventions for disaster recovery. Using a spatial econometric model, we...     

Long-term geochemical evolution of the near field repository: insights from reactive transport modelling and experimental evidences

The KBS-3 underground nuclear waste repository concept designed by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. (SKB) includes a bentonite buffer barrier surrounding the copper canisters and the iron insert where spent nuclear fuel will be placed. Bentonite is also part of the backfill material used to seal the access and deposition tunnels of the repository. The bentonite barrier has three main safety functions: to ensure the physical stability of the canister, to retard the intrusion of groundwater to the canisters, and in case of canister failure, to retard the migration of radionuclides to the geosphere. Laboratory experiments (< 10 years long) have provided evidence of the control exerted by accessory minerals and clay surfaces on the pore water chemistry. The evolution of the pore water chemistry will be a primordial factor on the long-term stability of the bentonite barrier, which is a key issue in the safety assessments of the KBS-3 concept.In this work we aim to study the long-term geochemical evolution of bentonite and its pore water in the evolving geochemical environment due to climate change. In order to do this, reactive transport simulations are used to predict the interaction between groundwater and bentonite which is simulated following two different pathways: (1) groundwater flow through the backfill in the deposition tunnels, eventually reaching the top of the deposition hole, and (2) direct connection between groundwater and bentonite rings through fractures in the granite crosscutting the deposition hole. The influence of changes in climate has been tested using three different waters interacting with the bentonite: present-day groundwater, water derived from ice melting, and deep-seated brine. Two commercial bentonites have been considered as buffer material, MX-80 and Deponit CA-N, and one natural clay (Friedland type) for the backfill. They show differences in the composition of the exchangeable cations and in the accessory mineral content. Results from the simulations indicate that pore water chemistry is controlled by the equilibrium with the accessory minerals, especially carbonates. pH is buffered by precipitation/dissolution of calcite and dolomite, when present. The equilibrium of these minerals is deeply influenced by gypsum dissolution and cation exchange reactions in the smectite interlayer. If carbonate minerals are initially absent in bentonite, pH is then controlled by surface acidity reactions in the hydroxyl groups at the edge sites of the clay fraction, although its buffering capacity is not as strong as the equilibrium with carbonate minerals. The redox capacity of the bentonite pore water system is mainly controlled by Fe(II)-bearing minerals (pyrite and siderite). Changes in the groundwater composition lead to variations in the cation exchange occupancy, and dissolution–precipitation of carbonate minerals and gypsum. The most significant changes in the evolution of the system are predicted when ice-melting water, which is highly diluted and alkaline, enters into the system. In this case, the dissolution of carbonate minerals is enhanced, increasing pH in the bentonite pore water. Moreover, a rapid change in the population of exchange sites in the smectite is expected due to the replacement of Na for Ca.