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1.
The toxic effects of the composites of Fe~0 and Cu~0 with different percentages of CNTs were examined based on the activity of bacterial bioluminescence and seed germination. In terms of the EC_50 values, the toxic effects of Cu~0 on bacterial bioluminescence and seed germination were approximately 2 and 180 times greater than that of Fe~0, respectively. The toxicity increased with increasing CNT content in the Cu-CNT mixtures for both organisms,whereas opposite results were observed with Fe-CNT mixtures. The mean toxic effects of Cu-CNT(6%) were approximately 1.3–1.4 times greater than that of Cu-CNT(0%), whereas the toxic effects of Fe-CNT(6%) were approximately 2.1–2.5 times lower than that of Fe-CNT(0%) for both the bioluminescence activity and seed germination. The causes of this phenomenon are unclear at this point. More research will be needed to elucidate the mechanism of the toxicity of nano-mixture materials and the causes of the different patterns of toxicity with Cu-and Fe-CNT mixtures. 相似文献
2.
Seong J. Kim Hyo S. Chae Chul S. Yoo Sa C. Shin 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2003,39(5):1143-1155
ABSTRACT: A grid based daily hydrologic model for a watershed with paddy fields was developed to predict the stream discharge. ASCII formatted elevation, soil, and land use data supported by the GRASS Geographic Information System are used to generate distributed results such as surface runoff and subsurface flow, soil water content, and evapotranspiration. The model uses a single flow path algorithm and simulates a water balance at each grid element. A linear reservoir assumption was used to predict subsurface runoff components. The model was applied to a 75.6 km2 watershed located in the middle of South Korea, and observed stream flow hydrographs from 1995 and 1996 were compared to model predictions. The stream flow predictions of 1995 and 1996 generally agreed with the observed flow, resulting in a Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency R2 of 0.60 and 0.62, respectively. The hydraulic conductivity for percolating water through the saturated layer affected baseflow generation. The levee height of the paddy influenced the time and magnitude of the surface runoff, depending on irrigation management. The model will be used for making low flow management decisions by evaluating the role of each land use to stream flow, especially in case of paddy decrease by gradual urbanization of a watershed. 相似文献
3.
This work builds on a previous study of long-term tillage trials that found use of no-tillage (NT) practices increased soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration at Monmouth, IL (silt loam soil) by increasing the soil's protective capacity, but did not alter SOC storage in DeKalb, IL (silty clay loam), where higher clay contents provided a protective capacity not affected by tillage. The least limiting water range (LLWR), a multi-factor index of structural quality, predicted observed soil CO2 efflux patterns. Here we consider whether LLWR can predict sequestration trends at a third site, Perry, IL (silt loam soil) where SOC content is lower and bulk density is higher than in previously considered sites, and determine whether pore size characteristics can help explain the influence use of NT practices has had on SOC sequestration at all three locations. At Perry, LLWR was again related with differences in specific soil organic carbon mineralization rates (RESPsp) (2000-2001). Reduced RESPsp rates explain increases in SOC storage under NT management observed only after 17 yr. Trends in RESPsp suggest use of NT practices only enhance physical protection of SOC where soil bulk density is relatively high (approximately 1.4 g cm(-3)). In those soils (Monmouth and Perry), use of NT management reduced the volume of small macropores (15-150 microm) thought to be important for microbial activity. Physical properties appear to determine whether or not use of NT practices will enhance C storage by increasing physical protection of SOC. By refining the functions used to compute the LLWR and our understanding of the interactions between management, pore structure, and SOC mineralization, we should be able to predict the influence of tillage practices on SOC sequestration. 相似文献
4.
J.P. Bitog I.-B. Lee M.-H. Shin S.-W. Hong H.-S. Hwang I.-H. Seo J.-I. Yoo K.-S. Kwon Y.-H. Kim J.-W. Han 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(30):4612-4621
This paper discusses about the quantitative effect of windbreak fences on wind velocity in the reclaimed land at Saemangeum in South Korea. Windbreak fences were constructed in the reclaimed land to reduce the wind velocity to prevent the generation and diffusion of dust. However, up to this time, no in-depth studies were conducted to quantitatively measure the effect of the windbreak fences on wind velocity thus an optimum windbreak structure is not yet determined. Using CFD simulations, the effects of fence porosity, fence height, and the distance between the adjacent fences were investigated. A wind tunnel experiment was initially conducted and data gathered were used to develop the CFD models. From the experiments and CFD simulations, the overall percentage difference of the measured velocities was 7.20% which is generally acceptable to establishing the reliability of the CFD models. The reduction effect on wind velocity was measured in between the adjacent fences up to a height of 0.6 m from the ground surface. In terms of porosity ( = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6), 0.2 was found to be the optimum value. Conversely, the effect of fence height (0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 m) showed no significant difference; therefore, 0.6 m height is recommended. In addition, the reduction effect of distance between the adjacent fences (2, 4 and 6 m) on wind velocity having a 0.2 porosity has decreased to about 75% regardless of the distance. In the case of the reclaimed land in Saemangeum, a decrease of 75% can prevent the generation and diffusion of dusts. However, the source of dusts is very large. Therefore, constructing an array of windbreak with 6 m distance between them is deemed necessary. 相似文献
5.
Enrichment of the metallic components from waste printed circuit boards by a mechanical separation process using a stamp mill 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Printed circuit boards incorporated in most electrical and electronic equipment contain valuable metals such as Cu, Ni, Au, Ag, Pd, Fe, Sn, and Pb. In order to employ a hydrometallurgical route for the recycling of valuable metals from printed circuit boards, a mechanical pre-treatment step is needed. In this study, the metallic components from waste printed circuit boards have been enriched using a mechanical separation process. Waste printed circuit boards shredded to <10mm were milled using a stamp mill to liberate the various metallic components, and then the milled printed circuit boards were classified into fractions of <0.6, 0.6-1.2, 1.2-2.5, 2.5-5.0, and >5.0mm. The fractions of milled printed circuit boards of size <5.0mm were separated into a light fraction of mostly non-metallic components and a heavy fraction of the metallic components by gravity separation using a zig-zag classifier. The >5.0mm fraction and the heavy fraction were subjected to two-step magnetic separation. Through the first magnetic separation at 700 Gauss, 83% of the nickel and iron, based on the whole printed circuit boards, was recovered in the magnetic fraction, and 92% of the copper was recovered in the non-magnetic fraction. The cumulative recovery of nickel-iron concentrate was increased by a second magnetic separation at 3000 Gauss, but the grade of the concentrate decreased remarkably from 76% to 56%. The cumulative recovery of copper concentrate decreased, but the grade increased slightly from 71.6% to 75.4%. This study has demonstrated the feasibility of the mechanical separation process consisting of milling/size classification/gravity separation/two-step magnetic separation for enriching metallic components such as Cu, Ni, Al, and Fe from waste printed circuit boards. 相似文献
6.
Yoo JH Shin SW Kim JS Kim CB Kim JS Koh SC 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2007,42(4):373-379
A new differential display-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method based on annealing control primers was used to screen and identify potential biomarkers from differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in medaka exposed to sub-lethal concentration of diazinon (100 ppb). Among the differentially expressed genes identified, the majority were in functional categories of protein biosynthesis, transport and metabolism according to the gene ontology classification. The differential expression of ribosomal protein genes was quantified by real time PCR. The genes encoding ribosomal proteins including L3 and S17 were selected as potential biomarkers for diazinon exposure in medaka fish. 相似文献
7.
Dongwoo Kang Min-Gu Lee Yunsung Yoo Jinwon Park 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2018,20(3):1562-1573
In this research, absorbents for CO2 capture were prepared by blending 30 wt% potassium carbonate, 3 wt% of a rate promoter, and 1 wt% of a corrosion inhibitor. Pipecolic acid, sarcosine, and diethanolamine were chosen as rate promoter candidates. Based on a rate promoter screening test for CO2 loading capacity and absorption rate, pipecolic acid and sarcosine were selected to be used as rate promoters. 1,2,3-benzotriazole and ammonium thiocyanate were chosen as corrosion inhibitors, and they were mixed with a 30 wt% potassium carbonate-based absorbent mixture containing one of the rate promoters. The absorption rates for four absorbent solutions (30 wt% potassium carbonate?+?3 wt% pipecolic acid?+?1 wt% 1,2,3-benzotriazole, 30 wt% potassium carbonate?+?3 wt% pipecolic acid?+?1 wt% ammonium thiocyanate, 30 wt% potassium carbonate?+?3 wt% sarcosine?+?1 wt% 1,2,3-benzotriazole, and 30 wt% potassium carbonate?+?3 wt% sarcosine?+?1 wt% ammonium thiocyanate) were measured, tabulated, and graphically displayed. These types of absorbents can be used for capturing CO2 under high temperature and pressure conditions, such as those found in coal-fired power plants. 相似文献
8.
Sung-Won Yoo Young Keun Cho Sang-Hwa Jung Kwang-Myung Lee Seung-Jun Kwon 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2017,19(2):694-711
In South Korea, nine million tons of fly ash (FA) are annually produced and approximately 70 % is reutilized for industrial demand. For the prompt reuse and insufficient reclamation site, quality control of FA which is main productive construction material from coal ash is very important. Assessed Pozzolanic-activity Index (API) test which needs only 2 days for evaluation of pozzolanic reaction is currently considered as an alternative of activity index measurement. This paper aims for an applicability of API test for prompt quality control and investigation of domestic FA properties. For the work, FAs from two different power plant types are prepared, and quality tests are carried out based on Korean Standards (KS) methods and API method. Lots of test results are compared with those from API and K-value test for FA with age of 7 days–1 year. From the test results for FA aged 1 year, API results are evaluated to be closely related with those from activity index and K-value, and the correlations are improved with increasing ages regardless of plant types. The applicability of API test is verified and the reduced period of FA quality evaluation can accelerate prompt use and the related process of FA. 相似文献
9.
David Chung Hyo-Hyun Choi Hye-Young Yoo Ji-Young Lee Sun-Kyoung Shin Jung Min Park Junbeum Kim 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2017,19(1):46-54
To prepare for the international mercury convention, the characteristics of mercury emissions from a zinc smelting facility in South Korea have been reviewed and a material flow analysis (MFA) has been conducted in this research. As inputs into the mercury MFA study, zinc ores and sulfuric acid were examined, whereas wastewater sludge, effluence water, spent catalyst, and emissions from the casting and roasting processes were examined as outputs. Mercury concentrations extracted from end products like zinc ingots, cadmium ingots, and sulfuric acid were then analyzed. Our results showed that the wastewater sludge discharged from the zinc smelting process had a relatively higher concentration of mercury, indicating that the concentration of mercury was further enriched in the wastewater sludge. The wastes discharged through the zinc smelting process should be thoroughly controlled, as results of the MFA showed that approximately 89 % of the mercury contained in the original input was later found in the waste. According to this study, the higher the concentration of mercury within zinc ores at the input stage, the higher is the mercury concentration found in the wastewater sludge at the output stage. 相似文献
10.
Lee TG Eom Y Lee CH Song KS 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2011,61(10):1057-1062
A simple and highly effective stabilization/solidification (S/S) technology of elemental mercury using only sulfur with paraffin is introduced. First, elemental mercury is mixed with an excess of sulfur powder and heated to 60 degrees C for 30 min until elemental mercury is converted into mercuric sulfide (HgS black, metacinnabar) (Step 1). Then, metacinnabar with additional sulfur is poured into liquid paraffin (Step 2). Finally, the mixture is melted at 140 degrees C and settles to the bottom of the vessel where it cools and solidifies under the layer of liquid paraffin (Step 3). The proposed S/S method with sodium sulfide nonahydrate (Na2S x 9H2O) as an additive is also tested for comparison. The average toxicity characteristic leaching procedure test values are 6.72 microg/L (no additive) and 3.18 microg/L (with additive). Theses concentrations are well below the Universal Treatment Standard (25 microg/L). Effective diffusion coefficient evaluated from accelerated leach test and average headspace concentration of Hg vapor after 18 hr are 3.62 x 10(-15) cm2/sec, 0.55 mg/m3 (no additive) and 5.86 x 10(-13) cm2/sec, 0.25 mg/m3 (with additive). 相似文献