Changes in the trade in native medicinal plants in Brazilian public markets

Plants continue to be an important source of new bioactive substances. Brazil is one of the world’s mega-diverse countries, with 20 % of the world’s flora. However, the accelerated destruction of botanically rich ecosystems has contributed to a gradual loss of native medicinal species. In previous study, we have observed a fast and intensive change in trade of medicinal plants in an area of Amazon, where human occupation took place. In this study, we surveyed 15 public markets in different parts of Brazil in search of samples of 40 plants used in traditional medicine and present in first edition of Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia (FBRAS), published in 1926. Samples of plants commercialized as the same vernacular name as in Pharmacopoeia were acquired and submitted to analysis for authentication. A total of 252 plant samples were purchased, but the laboratory analyses showed that only one-half of the samples (126, 50.2 %) were confirmed as the same plant species so named in FBRAS. The high number of unauthenticated samples demonstrates a loss of knowledge of the original native species. The proximity of the market from areas in which the plant occurs does not guarantee that trade of false samples occurs. The impact of the commerce of the substitute species on their conservation and in public health is worrying. Strategies are necessary to promote the better use and conservation of this rich heritage offered by Brazilian biodiversity.     

建立我国生态环境标准体系的初步构想

我国的生态环境标准极其薄弱，建立生态环境标准体系是我国生态环境保护的迫切需要。借鉴我国目前针对污染防治的环境标准体系，提出了我国生态环境标准体系的基本框架，以及生态环境标准制订的原则和重点。     

Influence of Brazilian herbal regulations on the use and conservation of native medicinal plants

For decades, several native medicinal species have been used by the pharmaceutical industry in Brazil to create commercial products. In 1995, the Ministry of Health, following the recommendations of the World Health Organization, established herbal regulations (RDC 17) in order to improve the quality of such products. In fact, only plant species with conclusive results from pharmacological and toxicological studies can be used for creating medicines. In this study, we evaluated the consequences of RDC 17 on the use and conservation of native medicinal plants by comparing the plant material used by six companies in 1995/1996 and 10 years later (2005/2006). Eighty-three different species were used in 1995/1996, 50 of them native (60.2%), 16 exotic (19.3%), and 17 imported (20.5%). In 2005/2006, 44 species were used by the companies and only 19 (43.2%) were native. The category of plant material that saw the largest decrease in use was roots, and in 2005/2006 leaves were more used. The study shows a strong reduction in the collection of native species signalizing the importance of herbal regulations on their conservation. It also points to the need for pharmacological and toxicological studies of the Brazilian native medicinal flora, as well as studies on their ecology and conservation.     

Biological stability assessment of MSW organic fractions by means of respirometric and germination tests

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Composting is the mostly applied method for recovering the organic waste by producing an organic soil conditioner. Furthermore, the organic...     

江西武夷成矿带铜多金属矿产资源远景评价与展望

华南武夷山地区处于扬子、华夏两大构造单元交接叠加地段,构造变形复杂,中生代岩浆活动强烈,具有十分优越的成矿条件,矿产资源潜力巨大.本文以正在武夷山成矿带开展的矿产远景调查工作和资源评价工作所取得的阶段性成果为基础,分析了武夷山成矿带的成矿地质背景、主要矿床类型及近几年的找矿勘查成果,并对武夷成矿带江西省境内铜多金属矿产资源潜力进行了初步评价,划分了十七个找矿远景区.     

生态气象监测评估业务平台的设计与应用

  针对目前生态气象监测轨道业务的特点,结合工作的实际需要,运用C和C++语言建立了生态气象监测评估业务平台。在程序设计中,采用了生成中间交换文件的结构组织,能够对各模块的输出结果进行详尽直观的分析,并提供了等值线色斑图与区域填充等多种图形绘制方式。该系统可处理AVHRR和EOS/MODIS卫星遥感资料,对气象观测报文进行解译、数据分类管理和质量控制,统计计算水体密度指数、湿润指数、植被覆盖指数、土地退化指数、灾害指数和生态质量综合评价指标,以图形、图像的形式输出生态气象监测评估产品,实现了卫星遥感与生态气象地面监测数据的有效组织和智能化管理。将系统应用于湖南省生态质量气象评价,业务化运行的结果表明,该系统具有较好的业务实用性。〖HJ1〗〖HJ〗
〖HT5”H〗     

基于层次分析法的城市河流生态修复评估

城市的发展改变了许多河流的自然水文环境,并导致河流生态系统中水质、物理生境和生物完整性下降。评估受损河流水体修复的效果,需要结合物理、化学的参数,以及对生物结构、多样性和过程的影响。构建了包含河流水力、水质、水生生物、河岸带及物理结构5个方面15个指标的城市河流生态修复评估指标体系,运用群组决策的层次分析法(AHP),确定了各指标的权重,重要性排序前5位依次为：水质污染指数、鱼类IBI、水源补给量、藻类多样性、透明度。并以我国南方城市岐江河整治修复状况为例进行综合评价,结果表明,河流生态系统修复评估结果为可以接受,体现了河流整治工程使河流水质、生态的状况有所改善,但河流生态系统恢复需要较长的周期,修复初期生态系统仍处于受损状态。〖     

接种不同普通活性污泥培养厌氧氨氧化污泥的研究

采用厌氧氨氧化反应器（ASBR）,分别以普通厌氧活性污泥、混合污泥、好氧活性污泥为种泥,通过对氨氮,NO2^--N等指标监测、分析及污泥颜色的观察,研究采用不同普通活性污泥为种泥启动ASBR的可行性及差异。结果表明．ASBR反应器A和B成功启动,C因反应器故障．启动失败。采用厌氧活性污泥为接种污泥（反应器A）,当进水N的容积负荷为kg／（m^3·d）时,氨氮平均去除率为14.4％。P（NO2^--N）：p（NH4^＋-N）变化量为1．24。采用混合污泥为接种污泥（反应器B）．N的容积负荷于前者相同时,氨氮去除率平均29．7％,p（NO2^--N）：p（NH4^＋-N）变化量为1．27。采用混合普通活性污泥作为种泥培养厌氧氨氧化污泥优于单一厌氧普通活性污泥。