佳木斯台形变观测对东北地区几次浅震“场兆”异常的探讨

大地震在主破裂前往往行成地壳变形,高应力作用下进入峰值后的变形阶段,反映到地倾斜观测日均值曲线上,表现为固体潮形变趋势异常,这些异常能否指示远距离的地震,近年来不少研究者发现,远场前兆往往出现在对应力、应变变化反应灵敏的特殊构造部位。佳木斯台可能处于这种特殊的构造部位,对东北地区浅源地震短期前兆异常“场兆”的趋势性变化具有一定的意义。     

Biotechnology is not compatible with sustainable agriculture

Biotechnology increases commercialization of food production, which competes with food for home use. Most people in the world grow their own food, and are more secure without the mediation of the market. To the extent that biotechnology enhances market competitiveness, world food security will decrease. This instability will result in a greater gap between rich and poor, increasing poverty of women and children, less ability and incentive to protect the environment, and greater need for militarization to maintain order. Therefore, biotechnology should be discouraged. An active program to protect and strengthen local food production and to decrease reliance on industrial agriculture should be promoted.     

The very structure of scientific research mitigates against developing products to help the environment,the poor,and the hungry

Conclusions From the arguments I have presented, I hope it is clear that the distinction between basic and applied research is tenuous. Certain areas of research and methods may be favoured over others because of intrinsic biases, which are predictive of the type of application possible. Believing in the neutrality of pure knowledge is like wearing blinders: scientists need not be too concerned about the way in which the knowledge they generate is used. In my own case, this belief led to my participation in a system of agriculture to which I do not subscribe. Scientists should be willing to take responsibility for how they function in the system as a whole. Given the social structure of science, it is difficult for basic researchers to see their connections with the larger issues, much less to control them. Perhaps new ways of constructing knowledge-generating societies will be necessary in order to encourage individual responsibility.     

Post-fire surface water quality: comparison of fire retardant versus wildfire-related effects

An understanding of the environmental effects of the use of wildland fire retardant is needed to provide informed decision-making regarding forest management. We compiled data from all post-fire surface water monitoring programs where the fire retardant constituents ammonia, phosphorus, and cyanide were measured, and data were available in the public domain. For streams near four major wildfires, we evaluated whether these chemicals originated primarily from fire or from retardant use. We compared measured concentrations in streams where chemical wildland fire retardant was applied with concentrations in streams draining areas where retardant was not used. Correlations with calcium provided an additional line of evidence, because calcium concentrations in ash are much higher than in retardant. Ammonia, phosphorus, and total cyanide were found in streams in burned areas where retardant was not used, at concentrations similar to those found in areas where retardant was applied. Concentrations of weak acid dissociable cyanide were generally non-detected or very low, whether or not wildland fire retardant was used in the watershed. These results indicate that the application of wildland fire retardant had minimal effects on proximate surface water quality. Cyanide concentrations in post-fire stormwater runoff were not affected by the presence of ferrocyanide in the retardant formulas and were due to pyrogenic sources.     

Aquatic ecological risks due to cyanide releases from biomass burning

Aquatic toxicity due to the creation and mobilization of chemical constituents by fire has been little studied, despite reports of post-fire fish kills attributed to unspecified pyrogenic toxicants. We examined releases of cyanides from biomass burning and their effect on surface runoff water. In laboratory test burns, available cyanide concentrations in leachate from residual ash were much higher than in leachate from partially burned and unburned fuel and were similar to or higher than the 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) for rainbow trout (45 microg/l). Free cyanide concentrations in stormwater runoff collected after a wildfire in North Carolina averaged 49 microg/l, again similar to the rainbow trout LC50 and an order of magnitude higher than in samples from an adjacent unburned area. Pyrogenic cyanide inputs, together with other fire-related stressors, may contribute to post-fire fish mortalities, particularly those affecting salmonids.     

Successful application of monitored natural attenuation in a surficial aquifer

Groundwater investigations conducted since 1988 at a Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC) Voluntary Oversight and Assistance Program (VOAP) site located in Millington, Tennessee, have defined the lateral and vertical extent of site chemicals of concern (COCs) consisting of tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE), and associated degradation products. Results of a groundwater remedial investigation determined that aquifer conditions were favorable for anaerobic degradation of COCs through reductive dechlorination. A subsequent groundwater feasibility study determined that monitored natural attenuation (MNA) coupled with long‐term groundwater monitoring was the most effective and suitable remedial option for the site. A Record of Decision was issued by the TDEC VOAP approving MNA and long‐term groundwater monitoring as the remedial option for the site, a first for such a site in Tennessee involving chlorinated organics. A groundwater fate and transport model (the 1998 model) developed during the RI was used as the basis for the MNA remedy. Analytical data from 1998 to 2008 indicate COCs in former high‐concentration areas continue to degrade at rates consistent with or ahead of the 1998 model predictions. Evidence of reductive dechlorination is also supported by the continued presence of breakdown products—specifically, vinyl chloride and ethene (terminal endpoint of PCE breakdown through reductive dechlorination). The continued detection of breakdown products along the flow‐path wells also confirms the effectiveness of the MNA remedy at the site. Current analytical data indicate that COC plumes beneath the site are not migrating and are actually retracting. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Book reviews

Local Politics and Participation in Britain and France

Albert Mabileau, George Moyser, Gerraint Parry, Patrick Quantin. 1989. 281 pp. Price £30.00.

ISBN: 0 521 34576 6.

The Rural State?: Limits to Planning in Rural Society

Paul Cloke and Jo Little. 1990, Oxford University Press. 287 pp.

Price £30.00.

ISBN: 0 19 823287 X

Urbanisation in History: A Process of Dynamic Interactions. International Studies in Demography.

Edited by Ad van der Woude, Jan de Vries, and Akira Hayami. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1990. 371 pp. Price £40.00.

Housing and Social Inequality

Jenny Morris and Martin Winn

Integrated Land‐Use and Transport Modelling — Decision Chains and Hierarchies

Tomas de la Barra

Beyond Green Belts — Managing Urban Growth in 21st Century

Regional Studies Association (1990). 64 pp. Price £9.95.

Learning from Rotterdam

M. J. Vroom and J. H. A. Meeus.

173 pp. Nichols, New York. Price £25.

Reviewing the Quality of Environmental Statements

N. Lee and R. Colley

EIA Centre, University of Manchester, 1990.

Occasional Paper 25, 46 pp. Price: £3.00.

Knowledge and Public Policy: the search for meaningful indicators

Judith Innes. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick. 352 pp. Price: £16.95.

Urban Problems: An Applied Urban Analysis

Michael Pacione. Routledge, 1990.

Living with Inner City Policies: Two Essays on Inner City Life and Inner City Policies

Meryl Aldridge and John Edwards, Department of Social Policy, Royal Holloway and Bedford New College. Social Policy Papers No. 2, 1989.

Information Technology in Geography and Planning: including principles of GIS

Bracken and Webster, Routledge, London 1990. 444 pp.

Housing and Social Change in Europe and the USA

Michael Ball, Michael Harloe and Maartje Martens. Routledge, 222 pp. Price: £10.99.

Land and Property Development: Changing Context

Edited by Healey and Nabarro. 212 pp. Price: £39.50.