几种常用道路交通噪声预测模式在较高等级城市道路中的应用——以深圳市城市道路为例

本文以深圳市城市高速路、城市快速路和城市主干路等三类较高等级的多条典型城市道路交通干道为研究对象,通过实际监测与模式预测对比研究,分析和验证FHWA模式、规范模式、导则模式和RSL90模式等四种常用道路交通噪声预测模式在较高等级城市道路交通噪声预测中的准确性。研究结果表明,各模式预测的准确性高低依次为:导则模式、规范模式、RLS90模式、FHWA模式。     

广西邦亮东黑冠长臂猿栖息地的气候资源分析

气候资源是影响动物行为、发育、存活、繁殖与分布等的重要因子。为了探明广西邦亮东黑冠长臂猿栖息地的气候环境特征,对其栖息地附近县(乡)的主要气象要素进行统计与分析。结果表明:广西邦亮东黑冠长臂猿栖息地年均日照时数为1 521.8小时,月变幅为25.44%;年均气温为19.1℃,最冷月平均气温为11.0℃,最热月平均气温为25.0℃;年均降雨量为1 606.3 mm,月变幅为86.05%;年均蒸发量为1 507.1 mm,月变幅为28.06%;年均相对湿度为80%,月变幅为2.60%;年均风速为1.5 m/s,月变幅为15.4%。     

Coastal and synoptic recirculation affecting air pollutants dispersion: A numerical study

This study examines the spatial distribution of potential recirculation over the East Mediterranean Sea, and the combined effect of synoptic and meso-scale recirculations on plume dispersion in the region. For this purpose, three case studies are performed by the RAMS–HYPACT modeling system, each for a different synoptic scale flow pattern. Both a quantitative measure of the recirculation potential at each grid cell and particle dispersion are calculated. Although the recirculation index is an Eulerian quantity for the wind field and plume dispersion is a manifestation of the Lagrangian behavior of the wind, good correlation is found between the two.Several locations are identified as having high recirculation potential, including southern Cyprus, the coasts of Israel and Lebanon, the eastern slopes of the Judean Mountains and the Haifa Bay in particular. In the latter location, high recirculation potential could be explained by strong interaction between the land–sea surfaces, curvature of the bay and proximity of the Carmel ridge. It is shown that the synoptic and meso-scale recirculations may, under certain conditions, act together and at the same time in determining particle distribution. Under weak synoptic scale flows, particles are recirculated over the entire East Mediterranean Sea basin, returning onshore after a period of 2–3 days to join freshly emitted particles. At the same time, near-shore land–sea breeze effects cause particles to recirculate on smaller time scales of less then one day, sometimes passing as much as three times over the same airshed. A single elevated emission source is shown to have the potential to impair air quality at a coastal strip as long as 100–200 km upon returning onshore.     

The effect of different educational interventions on schoolchildren's knowledge of earthquake protective behaviour in Israel

Knowledge of appropriate behaviour during an earthquake is crucial for prevention of injury and loss of life. The Israeli Home Front Command conducts a yearly earthquake education programme in all Israeli schools, using three types of educational interventions: lectures, drills and a combination of the two. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions in providing students with knowledge. We distributed a questionnaire to 2,648 children from the 5th and 6th grades in 120 schools nationwide. Knowledge scores for both 5th and 6th grades were increased, regardless of type of intervention, compared to the non-exposure group. A combined intervention of lectures and drills resulted in the highest knowledge scores. Our findings suggest that for the age group studied a combination of lectures and drills will likely prepare students best for how to behave in the event of an earthquake.     

Spatial and seasonal variation and sources of deposition fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Shanghai

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Spatial and temporal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) deposition fluxes and sources may significantly facilitate risk evaluation...     

Environmental policy expansion in the EU: the intriguing case of bioinvasion regulation

ABSTRACT

While bioinvasion was an issue of low political salience in Europe, a new regulation addressing it was adopted in 2014 with strong support. This article analyzes the making of the regulation as an intriguing case of policy expansion amid economic crisis. Based on theoretical literature on drivers of EU policy integration and policy dismantling, alternative plausible explanations are explored. Our main finding is that development of economic policy consensus among member states on trade-environment nexus was crucial for progress towards regulatory action. Policy consensus has been driven by a confluence of three domestic factors: trade liberalization, market disintegration, and changing ideas about the desirability of EU-level law, with the European Commission as policy entrepreneur. Low political salience has also had an important effect. It has increased the influence of transnational conservation alliances, which have played a significant catalytic role in building consensus by shifting consciousness to economic reward of policy action vs inaction, and bringing international models for legislative reform to the EU jurisdiction.     

Preparedness for anthrax attack: the effect of knowledge on the willingness to treat patients

Little is known about the factors that may impact on the willingness of physicians and nurses to treat patients during a bioterrorism attack. This survey was conducted among 76 randomly selected nurses and physicians in the emergency rooms of three public hospitals in order to analyse the relationship between knowledge, profession and the willingness to treat anthrax. The study finds that the willingness of physicians and nurses to come to work is 50% greater among the group with the highest knowledge about anthrax (P < 0.0001). Within that group, the willingness to treat patients suspected of being infected with anthrax was 37% greater (P < 0.0001) and the willingness to treat patients diagnosed with anthrax was 28% greater (P = 0.004) than in the other groups. These results imply that enhancement of knowledge among health care workers may improve their willingness to come to work and treat patients infected with anthrax during a bioterrorism attack.     

Anammox-MBR耦合工艺在生活污水中的脱氮性能及其机理

厌氧氨氧化工艺在处理生活污水过程中存在处理效率不稳定的问题,阻碍了其在生活污水处理中的工程应用。采用包括缺氧反应器、好氧反应器、膜组件3个部分的anammox-MBR (AX-MBR) 耦合工艺来处理生活污水,以期解决该问题。实验开始时,先投加污水处理厂好氧活性污泥进行启动,后降低反应系统的溶解氧,最后再投加厌氧氨氧化菌 (AnAOB) 。结果表明,投加AnAOB可有效提高AX-MBR的NH₄⁺-N去除率,NH₄⁺-N平均去除率由68%升至87%。实验过程中未对反应器进行温度控制,故在反应温度低于20 ℃时发现,AnAOB活性随着温度降低急剧下降。在低温环境运行时,可采用降低进水负荷的方式来保证处理效果。采用¹⁵N稳定同位素示踪法对AnAOB脱氮贡献率进行分析表明,AX-MBR氮元素的去除主要由AnAOB主导的途径完成,其脱氮贡献率可达65%。而16S高通量测序结果表明,缺氧反应器中的AnAOB主要为Candidatus Kuenenia,且缺氧反应器和好氧反应器的反硝化细菌丰度远大于氨氧化细菌丰度。这表明AX-MBR中NO₂^--N主要来源于部分反硝化,这在群落水平上证明了短程反硝化-厌氧氨氧化的存在。本研究结果可为厌氧氨氧化的工艺发展提供参考。     

有机氯农药硫丹的生殖毒性及其机制研究进展

硫丹作为一种广谱有机氯农药,在农业区域周边的土壤和水体中都存在较高残留,2011年被斯德哥尔摩公约列入持久性有机污染物(POPs)名单。硫丹已被证实对神经系统、心血管系统、肝、肾等具有毒性作用,关于其生殖毒性的研究很多,但潜在机制尚不完全清楚。本文总结了硫丹导致的不同动物的生殖毒性,并从生殖器官和生殖细胞损伤、氧化应激以及DNA损伤、生殖细胞周期阻滞及细胞凋亡等方面,对近年来硫丹生殖毒性及其作用机制研究进展进行综述,并对其中存在的问题进行讨论,以期有助于深入了解硫丹的毒性效应。     

The relationship between demographic/educational parameters and perceptions,knowledge and earthquake mitigation in Israel

Perceptions, knowledge and mitigation are factors that might play a role in preventing injury and loss of life during a major earthquake.² Little is known about the relationships between different demographic and educational parameters and these factors. A national representative sample of 495 adults was investigated in order to determine the relationship between demographic and educational parameters in terms of the perceived threat, perceived coping, knowledge and mitigation of earthquakes in Israel. Compared to females, males perceived the threat of earthquakes to be lower (t=3.183, p=0.002), manifested higher levels of perceived coping (t=2.55, p=0.011), and had higher levels of earthquake related knowledge (t=2.047, p=0.041). We conclude that there are gender differences in perceptions and knowledge regarding earthquakes.