北京市潮白河再生水补水河段水质时空变异

城市河道是城市再生水利用的主要载体,而人工湿地是城市再生水河道补水前主要的水质净化方式.为了解再生水补水与人工湿地对再生水补水段水质的影响,选取北京市潮白河再生水补水河段作为研究对象,利用聚类分析、判别分析及因子分析等方法对不同季节水体的水质情况进行分析.结果表明:研究区内水体氮磷污染严重,其中TN污染表现为NO₃--N、NO₂--N和NH₄+-N的混合型污染.聚类分析结果表明,水质在季节尺度上表现为丰水期（6-9月）和枯水期（2月、3月、5月和12月）两大类;在空间尺度上受再生水补水和湿地净化的影响表现为显著的空间差异性.判别分析结果表明,再生水补给对河道水质的影响无显著季节差异,湿地净化功能在丰水期和枯水期差异较大且丰水期湿地的净化效果最为明显.因子分析结果表明,再生水作为城市河道的补充水源,一方面对河道中的F-、Chl-a等起到稀释作用,另一方面使得水体中的N、P及离子含量增加;丰水期湿地的净化作用使水体中氮磷等有机营养物质含量及ρ（TDS）等显著降低.      

基于地理探测器的土壤重金属影响因子分析及其污染风险评价

地理探测器能快速定量化揭示驱动重金属含量影响因素的强度,这对于重金属空间预测模型构建变量的确定和土壤污染修复措施的精准实施具有重要意义.利用地理探测器模型,对5种土壤重金属元素Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni的空间分布和11种环境因子的交互作用进行定量评估,通过单因子指数法进行重庆市土壤重金属污染风险评价.结果表明:研究区...     

Risk assessment of Giardia from a full scale MBR sewage treatment plant caused by membrane integrity failure

Membrane bioreactors (MBR) are highly efficient at intercepting particles and microbes and have become an important technology for wastewater reclamation. However, many pathogens can accumulate in activated sludge due to the long residence time usually adopted in MBR, and thus may pose health risks when membrane integrity problems occur. This study presents data from a survey on the occurrence of water-borne Giardia pathogens in reclaimed water from a full-scale wastewater treatment plant with MBR experiencing membrane integrity failure, and assessed the associated risk for green space irrigation. Due to membrane integrity failure, the MBR effluent turbidity varied between 0.23 and 1.90 NTU over a period of eight months. Though this turbidity level still met reclaimed water quality standards (≤5 NTU), Giardia were detected at concentrations of 0.3 to 95 cysts/10 L, with a close correlation between effluent turbidity and Giardia concentration. All β-giardin gene sequences of Giardia in the WWTP influents were genotyped as Assemblages A and B, both of which are known to infect humans. An exponential dose-response model was applied to assess the risk of infection by Giardia. The risk in the MBR effluent with chlorination was 9.83 × 10^-3, higher than the acceptable annual risk of 1.0 × 10^-4. This study suggested that membrane integrity is very important for keeping a low pathogen level, and multiple barriers are needed to ensure the biological safety of MBR effluent.     

电化学法降解苯酚废水的实验研究

应用自制电化学反应器对废水中苯酚的电催化氧化处理进行了研究,实验了电解槽结构、电流密度、电解时间、电极间距离、废水pH值、废水电导率等对苯酚电解去除效果的影响,确定了最佳的处理条件。在电流密度为30 mA/cm2,电解时间为80 min,电极间距离为2 cm,废水pH值在7-8之间,废水电导率为1 100μS/cm的处理条件下,苯酚的去除率可达98%以上。利用TOC测定仪、紫外光谱和红外光谱等仪器分析的方法对苯酚的降解产物进行了分析。     

Risk assessment of Giardia in rivers of southern China based on continuous monitoring

The occurrence and risks of Giardia in China have been unclear to date, which has made it difficult to properly manage source water as well as to create reasonable drinking water standards. The levels of Giardia in river networks of several cities in Zhejiang Province, China were found to be in the range of 0-5 oocysts/10 L in the rainy season in 2008. The mortality due to Giardia infection for people in this region was calculated to be from 0 to 1.95 × 10^-8 persons using a conditional probability equation. Based on multiple unboiled water intake routes, the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to Giardia infection for people who consumed conventionally treated water was 0.625 (95% CI: 0.137-2.05) per 10⁵ persons, with the symptom of hospitalization making the highest contribution to total DALYs (0.56 per 10⁵ persons; 95% CI: 0.122-1.84). The DALYs decreased to 0.425 (95% CI: 0.137-2.05) per 10⁵ persons per year for those consuming water treated with advanced technology. These values were lower than the acceptable risk (1.97 × 10^-5 DALYs per year). This study revealed the risk of Giardia infection to the people in river networks of Zhejiang Province for the first time, and provides a method to evaluate the risk of Giardia infection. The results are useful for the modification of drinking water quality standards based on cost-benefit analysis.     

水样品中重碳酸根离子排斥色谱法研究

本文研究了用离子排斥色谱法分析了水样品中重碳酸根的最佳色谱条件，分离方式和流动相的选择，样品溶液ｐＨ值与峰高的关系，实验结果显示，该方法具有简便，用样量少，灵敏度高于和干扰少等优点，测量下限为０．１２μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１ＨＣＯ＾－３在１－１０μｇ．ｍ＾－１和１０－１００μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１浓度范围内，ＨＣＯ３浓度与峰高的线性相关系数在０．９９５以上，该方法用于自来水和油田水样品的分析获得较好的结果。     

国外城市垃圾焚烧排放物标准比较

本文综述了国外几个发达国家及公司在城市垃圾焚烧技术中污染物排放的一些标准，可以为国内在设计城市垃圾处理厂及垃圾焚烧炉时提供有益的借鉴。     

新加坡固体废物循环利用于填海造地技术的研究进展

近年来,经济快速发展使得包括新加坡在内的许多沿海国家和地区土地需求量增多,每年的填海规模不断增大,传统的砂石填料已无法满足需求.与此同时,城市固体废物也随着城市化发展而大量产生,其中以生活垃圾焚烧后残留的底渣、海洋淤泥以及建筑工程废土数量尤为庞大.针对世界各国（如丹麦、德国、荷兰等）对固体废物的处置和循环利用以及相关环境标准进行比较说明,并以此为基础介绍采用“化学物理复合法（CPCM）”将新加坡淤泥和垃圾焚烧底渣转化为“淤泥-底渣垃圾材料矩阵（MC-IBA Matrix）”来进行填海造地的“新生土”技术.对化学处理后的新加坡海洋淤泥和生活垃圾焚烧底渣混合物,采用室内三维真空预压和逐级堆载两种不同物理方法来进行加固处理,然后对生成的矩阵材料进行工程测试并依照欧盟与美国的标准进行重金属浸出试验.结果表明:生成的材料矩阵其地基允许承载力在4~6个月内可达15 t/m2,高于一般港口要求（8~12 t/m2）.与丹麦No.1662法令和LAGA德国道路工程材料质量标准比较,此材料的重金属浸出值符合其工程材料标准;与荷兰土壤质量法令中工业土壤质量标准相比,此材料符合工业用土标准.工程及环境试验结果均表明了“新生土”作为填海材料的可行性和优越性.从环保角度而言,“新生土”技术中潜在的重金属污染可控,又可缓解日益紧张的填埋场地;从工程角度来看,在较短时间内产生较高地基允许承载力,减少了传统高价砂石的使用,降低工程的时间和成本.因此,对土地有限的国家和地区来说,该绿色技术可解决缺少填埋场用地和填海材料的双重难题.      

沈阳辉山水库水质污染现状分析及评价

根据《地表水环境质量评价办法》中规定的方法,对沈阳辉山水库进行了水质和富营养化状态评价,并对污染源和水质污染特性进行了分析。结果显示:水库水质类别为劣Ⅴ类,水质状况为重度污染。富营养化综合营养状态指数为34.44,辉山水库水质为中营养化水平,水库没有藻类水华的产生。水库主要污染指标为总磷、总氮和悬浮物,分别超出国家地表水Ⅲ类标准的14.2倍、5.85倍和2.72倍。整个库区水质变化不均匀,水质变化受库区沿岸污染物排放影响较大,辉山明渠上游和某工厂暗渠排污口输入是水库主要污染源,库区周围动迁后的荒地和蚯蚓养殖,是辉山水库地面径流和农业污染污染源。     

加速溶剂萃取技术及其在环境分析中的应用

加速溶剂萃取技术是一项新颖的样品前处理技术，通过升高温度与压力结合使用有机溶剂，可快速，有效地由基体中萃取各种欲测物。本文系统地阐述了该技术的基本原理，各种影响因子及其在环境分析中的应用。该法适用于固体和半固体样品的前处理。