Escherichia coli inactivation by pressurized CO2 treatment methods at room temperature: Critical issues

This study aims to increase the inactivation efficiency of CO_2 against Escherichia coli under mild conditions to facilitate the application of pressurized CO_2 technology in water disinfection. Based on an aerating-cycling apparatus, three different treatment methods(continuous aeration, continuous reflux, and simultaneous aeration and reflux) were compared for the same temperature, pressure(0.3–0.7 MPa), initial concentration, and exposure time(25 min). The simultaneous aeration and reflux treatment(combined method) was shown to be the best method under optimum conditions, which were determined to be 0.7 MPa, room temperature, and an exposure time of 10 min. This treatment achieved 5.1-log reduction after 25 min of treatment at the pressure of 0.3 MPa and 5.73-log reduction after 10 min at 0.7 MPa. Log reductions of 4.4 and 5.0 occurred at the end of continuous aeration and continuous reflux treatments at 0.7 MPa, respectively.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images suggested that cells were ruptured after the simultaneous aeration and reflux treatment and the continuous reflux treatment. The increase of the solubilization rate of CO_2 due to intense hydraulic conditions led to a rapid inactivation effect. It was found that the reduction of intracellular p H caused by CO_2 led to a more lethal bactericidal effect.     

Influence of dissolved organic matter on methylmercury transformation during aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge under different C/N ratios

Current knowledge about the transformation of total mercury and methylmercury (MeHg) in aerobic composting process is limited. In this study, the composition and transformation of mercury and dissovled organic matter (DOM) in aerobic composting process of municipal sewage sludge were were comprehensively characterized, and the differences among the three C/N ratio (20, 26 and 30) were investigated. The main form of mercury in C/N 20 and 26 was organo-chelated Hg (F3, 46%-60%); while the main form of mercury in C/N 30 was mercuric sulfide (F5, 64%-70%). The main component of DOM in C/N 20 and 26 were tyrosine-like substance (C1, 53%-76%) while the main fractions in C/N 30 were tyrosine-like substance (C1, 28%-37%) and fulvic-like substance (C2, 17%-39%). The mercury and DOM varied significantly during the 9 days composting process. Compared to C/N 20 and 26, C/N 30 produced the less MeHg after aerobic composting process, with values of 658% (C/N 20), 1400% (C/N 26) and 139% (C/N 30) of the initial, respectively. Meanwhile, C/N 30 produced the best compost showed greater degree of DOM molecular condensation and humification. Hg fraction had been altered by DOM, as indicated by a significant correlation between mercury species and DOM components. Notably, C/N 30 should be used as an appropriate C/N ratio to control the methylation processes of mercury and degration of DOM.     

太湖西部流域滨岸带土壤磷形态空间分布与影响因素比较

为了揭示不同流域滨岸带的生态功能,于2015年夏季采集太湖西部苕溪流域和天目湖流域不同滨岸带（林地、耕地、草地、荒地）土壤,利用连续顺序提取法获得无机磷形态,分析土壤磷形态的空间分布特征、影响因素以及土壤磷形态与地下水中TDP（总溶解性磷）的联系.结果表明:苕溪滨岸带的磷形态含量总体上高于天目湖滨岸带,但组成方面有所差异.滨岸带土壤的NH₄Cl-P（弱吸附态磷）、BD-P（还原态磷）、NaOH-P（金属氧化物结合态磷）含量随土壤深度的增加而降低,HCl-P（钙结合态磷）含量随土壤深度的增加而增加,耕地表现得最为明显.从高地到滨水带,草地和荒地的磷形态含量有略微增加的趋势,而林地和耕地的磷形态含量均降低,耕地同样表现得最为明显.苕溪滨岸带磷形态含量的水平变幅大于天目湖滨岸带.相关性分析表明,土壤NaOH-P对地下水中TDP的贡献较大,有机质、黏土矿物和碳酸盐对磷形态有明显的影响;苕溪滨岸带土壤性质对其磷形态的影响较弱,而天目湖滨岸带比较明显.因此,苕溪和天目湖流域不同滨岸带土壤磷形态的空间分布存在差异,影响因素也不同;土壤磷形态与地下水中TDP有明显关系,尤其是NaOH-P.      

水性油墨废水絮凝污泥制备吸附剂及阳离子染料的吸附

以水性油墨废水絮凝污泥为原料、采用一步炭化活化法制备了吸附剂,并将其用于阳离子蓝X-GRRL溶液(300 mg/L)的吸附处理。考察了吸附剂投加量、吸附时间、吸附温度和吸附pH对吸附效果的影响,并对吸附动力学进行了探讨。结果表明:所制得吸附剂的总孔体积为0.5 cm~3/g,平均孔径为7.12 nm;在吸附剂投加量0.6g/L、吸附时间420 min、吸附温度25℃、吸附pH 5.4的条件下,吸附量高达486.21 mg/g,脱色率达97.24%;该吸附剂对于阳离子蓝X-GRRL的吸附过程可用准二级动力学模型和颗粒内扩散效应模型很好地描述。     

四川盆地冬季典型污染过程分析及应急减排效果评估

为探讨成都冬季污染过程成因,评估应急减排效果,以2019年12月成都发生的一次长时间污染过程为例,分析污染成因和典型污染物变化特征等,并对四川省启动预警的管控效果进行评估。结果表明:污染期间四川省PM_2.5平均质量浓度为77.9 μg/m³,高出冬季常态浓度1倍左右,成都峰值浓度高达176.0 μg/m³;盆地独特的地形和静稳小风的气象条件,加之高压脊控制影响,污染前期出现连续晴好天气,夜间逆温增强,污染物累积迅速,湿度增大导致污染物二次转化增强,是该次污染过程的重要外因;PM_2.5中硝酸根离子贡献最大(26.7%),NO_x及其二次转化的硝酸根离子是造成该次污染的主要原因;启动黄色预警后,NO₂及其转化后的硝酸根离子浓度以及PM_2.5浓度仍呈上升趋势,各类源贡献显著;升级橙色预警后,NO₂峰值浓度明显下降,硝酸根离子占PM_2.5的比例下降3.7个百分点,PM_2.5浓度上升趋势得到明显遏制;该次区域协同减排效果明显,区域PM_2.5日平均质量浓度下降9.1%~13.1%,区域性污染推迟1d出现,预警城市的重度污染、中度污染、轻度污染天数分别减少13、13、7 d;PM_2.5浓度下降主要来自于工业源、扬尘源和移动源的减排贡献,平均减排贡献比例分别为60.0%、31.3%和8.7%。     

高浓度水性油墨印花废水的脱氮处理

该研究以高浓度水性油墨印花废液为原料,采用混凝-热固化法将固液分离,分别得到高氨氮废水和油墨污泥。油墨污泥经磺化改性处理制备磺化油墨污泥,将2种污泥用作吸附剂,分别用于混凝-热固化后废水的脱氮处理,并以FT-IR、SEM测试表征污泥的官能团变化和形貌特征。文章研究了吸附剂投加量、粒径、吸附时间、废水初始pH值、温度、振荡频率等因素对2种吸附剂去除废水中氨氮效果的影响,并与工业常用的吸附剂磺化煤进行了比较。研究结果表明:当废水初始氨氮浓度为5 100.06 mg/L,pH值为9,吸附剂投加量为12 g/L,过100目筛,吸附温度为25℃,吸附时间为90 min,振荡频率为150 r/min时,磺化油墨污泥、磺化煤和油墨污泥的吸附容量分别达到378.25、272.29和142.78 mg/g,其对废水的氨氮去除率依次为88.99%、64.07%和33.59%。磺化油墨污泥吸附氨氮符合Freundlich等温模型,动力学模型符合准二级动力学模型和颗粒内扩散模型。     

Heavy metal(loid)s in sewage sludge in China: concentrations and spatial-temporal variations

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Sewage sludge (SS) production in China has increased rapidly, accompanying the fast expansion of its sewage treatment capacity. Heavy metals (HMs) in...     

Environmental surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater systems and related environments in Wuhan: April to May of 2020

Wastewater-based epidemiology(WBE) has emerged as an effective environmental surveillance tool in monitoring fecal-oral pathogen infections within a community. Congruently, SARS-Co V-2, the etiologic agent of COVID-19, has been demonstrated to infect the gastrointestinal tissues, and be shed in feces. In the present study, SARS-Co V-2 RNA was concentrated from wastewater, sludge, surface water, ground water, sediment, and soil samples of municipal and hospital wastewater systems and related envi...     

长期定位施肥对冬小麦吸收利用氮素的影响

研究不同施肥措施对冬小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）吸收利用氮素的影响,为新形势下制定合理培肥施肥技术,减少氮素流失,提高氮素利用效率提供借鉴。以黄淮海平原国家潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益监测站1990年以来的长期定位施肥土壤为基础,研究长期不施肥（CK）、氮钾配施（NK）、氮磷钾配施（NPK）、氮磷钾配施有机肥（MNPK）、氮磷钾配合秸秆还田（SNPK）5种施肥措施对冬小麦吸收利用氮素的影响。研究结果表明,与CK、NK施肥措施相比,NPK、MNPK、SNPK施肥措施有利于小麦各生育时期各器官对土壤氮素的吸收利用,能显著提高小麦各生育阶段的田间群体数、干物质积累量以及有效穗数,有利于灌浆期、成熟期氮素在茎、叶、鞘、穗等器官的累积。小麦对氮素吸收累积量、氮肥利用率以NPK最大,MNPK/SNPK次之,均极显著（P≤0.01）高于CK和NK;氮素吸收累积量大小依次为NPK〉MNPK〉SNPK〉NK〉CK。施NPK、NPK配施有机肥或秸秆还田的施肥措施均有利于冬小麦在整个生育时期对土壤氮素养分的吸收,提高籽粒产量。     

新型移动式除霾器芒刺-芒刺模型设计

大部分传统除霾器体积大,需高压电源供电,可移动性差。因此,基于经典法设计了一种新型移动式静电除霾器。在拟定集霾板尺寸的前提下,对于除霾效率为90%的除霾器计算出其荷电电场强度E0约为18.95 kV·m-1。为了使用低压电源得到该高强度电场,建立了芒刺-芒刺移动静电除霾器模型,并利用Ansoft软件对其空间电场分布进行仿真分析。理论分析及仿真结果表明,在使用30 V的直流电源供电时,模型空间场强分布高于18.95 kV·m-1的区域达90%以上,满足雾霾颗粒极化和吸附的条件。同时,制作实物模型并进行除霾实验,实验结果可知实际除霾效率达到88.31%,达到预期效果。所设计的移动式静电除霾器对于清除雾霾具有明显效果,为雾霾清除开创了一种全新的模式,具有重大的工程应用价值。