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1.
Scholz C. Jones T. G. West M. Ehbair A. M. S. Dunn C. Freeman C. 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(18):18192-18199
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The objective of this study was to monitor a newly constructed wetland (CW) in north Wales, UK, to assess whether it contributes to an improvement in... 相似文献
2.
This paper introduces graphical strategies for the design of an evaporation/crystallization network for ternary wastewater environmental applications. Sources, sinks and other streams are located on a ternary composition diagram. While a source is any wastewater stream that has the potential to be recycled, a sink is any unit in the process that can accept sources. The proposed methodology is extremely simple to understand and implement, as it only requires basic solid-liquid phase equilibria data and uses lever arm principles to generate alternative process designs. Geometric constructions are carried out on the ternary composition diagram and the respective lever arms are used to determine intermediate flow rates in the evaporation/crystallization network. The relative locations and flow rates of the sources and sinks under consideration, as well as the unique shape of the solid-liquid equilibrium, drive the design of the separation (via evaporation/crystallization) network. Some generic structures are proposed for a typical evaporation and crystallization network. Once the general problem statement has been defined, special cases consisting of a single source-single sink, single source-two sinks and two sources-single sink are described. These special cases are representative of commonly occurring industrial wastewater design problems. Several graphical insights are listed that allow one to represent evaporation and crystallization operations on a ternary triangular composition diagram and avoid mathematical complexity. The possibility of bypassing a part of the initial feed streams is also considered. Certain feasible composition regions are identified on the ternary composition diagram for cases dealing with multiple sources and sinks. The methodology is useful in pre-screening and eliminating certain sources/sinks and is readily applicable to cases with lower number of sources and sinks. A case study involving the ammonium nitrate manufacturing process is included to demonstrate the broad applicability and value of the proposed approach. 相似文献
3.
Abstractions of surface and groundwater for irrigation in Scotland are currently subject to control in only two small catchments. Under the terms of the EU Water Framework Directive, it will be necessary to introduce new legislation to control abstractions elsewhere. To help in the development of appropriate policy for Scotland a study has been carried out to examine the significance of irrigation and the effectiveness of different types of control strategies in terms of the economics of potato cropping and stream hydrology in Scotland. This paper presents the findings of the hydrological study and highlights some of the spatial and temporal issues that need to be considered in the selection of control mechanisms, if they are to be successful in achieving objectives for environmental improvement.The study was focussed on two catchments in the east of Scotland, the Tyne and West Peffer. The effectiveness of several different abstraction control strategies was examined to see how stream flows in the catchment would be modified by their implementation. The results of the study demonstrated that the West Peffer catchment in particular is significantly affected by irrigation abstractions. Control mechanisms based on allowable monthly abstraction volumes and flow-based abstraction bans would be of considerable help in restoring stream flows to their natural levels, but would modify the hydrological regime in slightly different ways. A spatial analysis of stream flows demonstrated that implementation of controls based on a single monitoring point may be ineffective at maintaining acceptable levels of flow throughout the catchment and that this may require a tighter control at the monitoring point. 相似文献
4.
A field study to evaluate the performance of three commercially available particulate matter (PM) continuous emission monitors (CEMs) was conducted in 1999-2000 at the US Department of Energy (DOE) Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Incinerator. This study offers unique features that are believed to enhance the collective US experience with PM CEMs. The TSCA Incinerator is permitted to treat PCB-contaminated RCRA hazardous low-level radioactive wastes. The air pollution control system utilizes MACT control technology and is comprised of a rapid quench, venturi scrubber, packed bed scrubber, and two ionizing wet scrubbers in series, which create a saturated flue gas that must be conditioned by the CEMs prior to measurement. The incinerator routinely treats a wide variety of wastes including high and low BTU organic liquids, aqueous, and solid wastes. The various possible combinations for treating liquid and solid wastes may present a challenge in establishing a single, acceptable correlation relationship for individual CEMs. The effect of low-level radioactive material present in the waste is a unique site-specific factor not evaluated in previous tests. The three systems chosen for evaluation were two beta gauge devices and a light scattering device. The performance of the CEMs was evaluated using the requirements in draft Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Performance Specification 11 (PS11) and Procedure 2. The results of Reference Method 5i stack tests for establishing statistical correlations between the reference method data and the CEMs responses are discussed. 相似文献
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6.
In this paper the authors explore data on environmental meanings, and the contextualisation of environmental concerns, that were obtained from a qualitative study of risks to health from air pollution. In-depth interviews were undertaken with 49 people living in two conurbations in north-east England. The findings highlight the importance of the local context (local history, experience, local knowledges and everyday existence) as an arena in which environmental meanings and concerns are constructed and negotiated, and how global environmental issues are also contextualised, and made sense of, within an explicitly local framework. These findings are used as a basis upon which to critically reflect upon the emphasis on globalisation within theoretical debates on 'risk society'. 相似文献
7.
Immediate-energy-supply pathways were analysed during burst-swimming in white muscle of the Antarctic fish Notothenia neglecta, (collected during Austral summer 1984 near Signy Island, South Orkneys). Selected enzyme activities were determined, and tissue metabolites were measured, before and after 3 min of burst-work. The activity of glycolytic enzymes is very low compared to that in other fish, while the activities of creatine phosphokinase, adenylate kinase and AMPdeaminase are relatively high. Concentrations of metabolites associated with cellular energy status declined with exercise. At the same time, there was no change in the concentrations of most of the glycolytic metabolites measured (including glycogen, glucose and lactate), while [creatine phosphate] declined and [inosine monophosphate] increased. These observations were used to propose that the potential for ATP generation via creatine-phosphate hydrolysis is enhanced in N. neglecta, while glycolytic capacity is relatively reduced. This is an unusual pattern of ATP production and places severe constraints upon the behavior of the fish. While the capacity for very short-term, high-power-output swimming is increased, the capacity for medium-duration swimming is reduced. Ecological repercussions are discussed. 相似文献
8.
D. F. Dunn 《Marine Biology》1976,39(1):67-70
Overlay maps were used to study locomotion by the externally brooding actinian Epiactis prolifera Verrill, 1869, in the rocky intertidal zone near Bodega Bay, California, USA. A greater proportion of non-brooding individuals moved than did brooding ones. Although brooding anemones that moved traveled twice as rapidly as non-brooders that moved, brooders were generally larger, and the relative rate of travel of the two groups was identical. The net distance traveled by all the anemones was only 36.0% of the gross, and most of the movement appeared to be undirected.This work was done in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree in the Department of Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, and was supported by a U.S. National Science Foundation Traineeship. 相似文献
9.
C. Yvonne Manuel-Faler G. Wayne Minshall Ron W. Dunn Dale A. Bruns 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1984,4(1):67-79
We conducted a series ofin situ experimental nutrient additions in two Idaho streams: Deep Creek, a desert stream located in Southeastern Idaho, and Big Wood River, situated in a mountainous region of Central Idaho. In both streams, a homogeneous reach was partitioned into almost identical channels. This allowed us to vary nutrient levels and measure algal response in experiments uncomplicated by differences in other factors.Ammonium nitrate was added to the treatment channels in Deep Creek. After nine days,Cladophora glomerata still predominated in both the control and treatment channels and algal biomass was not statistically different between the two. In the Big Wood River experiment significant differences in chlorophylla concentrations were not detected among three treatments of differing nitrogen enrichment and the control for both natural and artificial substrates. Also chlorophylla levels were not correlated with nitrogen concentrations, and the composition of algal communities remained similar among all treatments.We conclude that macronutrient enrichment of streams does not necessarily result in an increase in algal density or a change in algal community structure so long as other factors, which may limit the use of nutrients by algae, remain unaltered. Our results suggest that light, current velocity, and macroinvertebrate grazing may account for the failure of the periphyton to respond toin situ additions of nitrogen (and phosphorus) in our study streams. 相似文献
10.