X－射线荧光光谱法测定道路扬尘中21种元素

本文用Ｘ－射线荧光光谱法，一次测定道路扬尘中Ｎａ等２１种元素。人工配制标样，回归法求取校准曲线常数，用散射线内标法和经验系数法校正基体效应。方法的准确度、精密度较好，分析结果令人满意。     

PM10-PM2.5冲击采样器的研制与开发

在颗粒物研究中,分级采样是一种常用的监测方法,而冲击采样器是颗粒物分级采样的重要仪器.根据斯托克斯数,对PM10-PM2.5冲击采样器设计参数进行了详细分析,并对PM10-PM2.5的捕集效率特征进行了分析.结果表明,PM10-PM2.5冲击采样器具备理想的PM10和PM2.5捕集效率,PM10冲击采样器、PM2.5冲击采样器切割粒径分别为9.94、2.43μm,均在其允许误差范围内.     

Assessment and prediction of the effect of ageing on the adsorption of nonylphenol in black carbon-sediment systems

Black carbon (BC) is a promising sediment amendment, as proven by its considerable adsorption capacity for hydrophobic organic pollutants and accessibility, but its reliability when used for the removal of pollutants in natural sediments still needs to be evaluated. For example, the ageing process, resulting in changing of surface physicochemical properties of BC, will decrease the adsorption capacity and performance of BC when applied to sediment pollution control. In this study, how the ageing process and BC proportion affect the adsorption capacity of BC-sediment systems was modelled and quantitatively investigated to predict their adsorption capacity under different ageing times and BC additions. The results showed that the ageing process decreased the adsorption capacity of both BC-sediment systems, due to the blockage of the non-linear adsorption sites of BC. The adsorption capacity of rice straw black carbon (RC)-sediment systems was higher than that of fly ash black carbon (FC)-sediment systems, indicating that RC is more efficient than FC for nonylphenol (NP) pollution control in sediment. The newly established model for the prediction of adsorption capacity fits the experimental data appropriately and yields acceptable predictions, especially when based on parameters from the Freundlich model. However, to fully reflect the influence of the ageing process on BC-sediment systems and make more precise predictions, it is recommended that future work considering more factors and conditions, such as modelling of the correlation between the adsorption capacity and the pore volume or specific surface area of BC, be applied to build an accurate and sound model.     

Source analysis of particulate matter associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an industrial city in northeastern China

Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were investigated at eight sampling sites during cold periods where heating is used (heating period) (February to March, 2005) and warm periods where heating is not required (non-heating periods) (August to September 2006) in the urban area of Anshan, an iron and steel city in northeastern China. Eleven PAH species were measured using GC-MS. The total average concentrations of PAHs ranged from 46.14 to 385.60 ng m(-3) in the heating period and from 5.28 to 146.40 ng m(-3) in the non-heating period. The lowest concentration of ∑PAHs was observed at Qianshan, a monitoring site far from the city and industrial area, and the highest concentration occurred in the site located at the factory area of Anshan Iron and Steel Incorporation. Moreover, ambient PAH profiles were studied and high molecular weight PAH (including 4-6 rings) species occurred in the high fractions. Toxic equivalent factors analysis gave the potential carcinogenic risks in Anshan. For the heating sampling period, BaP equivalent concentration is in the range of 41.98 to 220.83 ng m(-3), and 9.23 to 126.00 ng m(-3) for the non-heating sampling period. By diagnostic ratio analysis, traffic emission and combustion (coal or biomass) were potential sources for PAHs in Anshan. Finally, PCA results indicated the major sources were vehicle emission, steel industry emission, and coal combustion for both heating and non-heating seasons, which agreed with the results from the diagnostic ratio analysis.     

杭州市典型雾霾期污染特征及污染源的HYSPLIT模型分析

为探究杭州市冬春季节大气污染特征与雾霾成因,本文分析了2015年12月—2016年3月市区10个空气质量监测站的PM_(2.5)、SO_2等6种污染物的浓度变化规律,对比了雾霾期和非雾霾期各污染物间的相关性,利用HYSPLIT(Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory)模型探讨了期间5次典型雾霾期污染物的潜在来源.结果表明,研究期内各污染物浓度呈现冬高春低的变化趋势(除O3浓度3月最高),颗粒物和NO_2是主要的超标污染物,其中PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)日均值分别是一级标准的2.2和2.4倍.雾霾期PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2和CO浓度是非雾霾期的2.4、2.3、1.3、1.5和1.6倍,PM_(2.5)与CO的正相关性最强(0.863),远高于NO_2(0.410)和SO_2(0.399),而非雾霾期三者差异不大,表明雾霾期机动车尾气的贡献更为重要.HYSPLIT后向轨迹和浓度权重轨迹CWT(Concentration-Weighted Trajectory)分析结果表明雾霾时期西南(38.3%)、西北(19.1%)方向和近距离输送(27.3%)的气团携带了较多的污染物,远距离输送是污染物的主要来源.研究结果可为长三角的雾霾污染控制提供数据支撑.     

裸土风蚀型开放源起尘机制研究进展

中国北方多个城市空气颗粒物来源解析结果表明,开放源是空气颗粒物污染的主要来源,裸土风蚀型开放源是主要的排放源类.对裸土风蚀型开放源起尘机制进行了诠释,提出了裸土风蚀型开放源、裸土风蚀起尘、裸土风蚀尘的概念,并对裸土风蚀型开放源的风蚀影响因素进行了研究,为城市空气质量达标及空气颗粒物污染防治提供科学参考.     

SBBR工艺反硝化过程中N_2O和NO的产生情况

利用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR),以葡萄糖为碳源(COD为500 mg/L),考察了不同碳氮比(COD与TN之比)、不同电子受体(NO_2~-或NO_3~-)、不同投加方式(碳源与氮源同步投加或投加碳源60 min后再投加氮源的异步投加)对N_2O产生情况的影响,以及碳氮比为2时NO的产生情况。实验结果表明:不论同步投加还是异步投加,两种电子受体的N_2O-N生成率均随着碳氮比的增大而下降;不同碳氮比下,投加NO2-时的N_2O-N生成率均高于投加NO3-时,异步投加时的N_2O-N生成率均大于同步投加时。说明低碳氮比、高浓度NO2-和胞内贮存物作碳源是反硝化过程中N_2O产生和大量积累的关键因素。此外,NO2-为电子受体时的NO-N生成率高于NO3-为电子受体时。     

天津市大气主要污染物总量控制允许排放量实施方案

本文采用环境质量总量控制技术路线。在天津市建立了１８个总量控制区,利用箱扩散模型（Ａ值法）测算了各总控区二氧化硫的允许排放量。利用Ｐ值法将区域允排量分配到源。本文还将化学质量受体平衡（ＣＭＢ）模型纳入Ａ－Ｐ值模型,形成ＡＰ－ＣＭＢ模型,用以测算烟尘和工业粉尘的区域允排量将将分配到源。由此构成天津市大气主要污染物总量控制允排量实施方案。     

黑碳对沉积物中疏水性有机污染物的锁定作用与微生物降解的影响研究进展

黑碳是含碳物质不充分燃烧而产生的一种高度芳香化结构无定型碳质,是沉积物有机质中重要的组成部分.黑碳通过表面吸附或微孔束缚作用将疏水性有机污染物(HOCs)锁定在沉积物中,其超强的吸附性能导致对HOCs的解吸量减少、解吸速率减慢,进而在短期内降低其生物有效性和短期生物毒性,大量学者开展了较低HOCs浓度下短期降解实验,得出了黑碳抑制HOCs降解的结论.但长期来看,黑碳一方面会通过抑制生物有效性削弱微生物降解等HOCs的自然衰减速率,另一方面也会通过促进微生物生长提高降解率.因此推测,黑碳对HOCs微生物降解的影响可能与HOCs的类型与浓度相关,在较高HOCs浓度下,黑碳可能会通过降低急性毒性,促进微生物生长和生物膜形成来加速HOCs的降解.本文综述了黑碳对HOCs吸附/解吸和微生物降解的研究进展,从黑碳对HOCs的吸附机理和吸附模型,对解吸动力学、微生物生长以及生物有效性影响等方面进行讨论,指出了黑碳对环境中HOCs迁移转化与归趋的影响,并对黑碳的应用前景及研究趋势进行了展望.     

Effect of rice-straw biochar on selective biodegradation of nonylphenols in isomer specificity

In a previous study, we found that rice-straw biochar degraded and removed hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) through coupled adsorption-biodegradation. However, few studies have determined whether biochar affects HOC isomer degradation and isomer-selective biodegradation or whether biochar can alter HOC isomer features, resulting in changes to HOC isomer residues in water environments. In this study, the effects of biochar at two dosages (0.001 and 0.01 g) on the biodegradation of ten isomers of a typical xenoestrogen of nonylphenol (NP) were evaluated. The results revealed that there were no effects of biochar on the adsorption of NP isomers. However, biochar addition affected the biodegradation of a specific isomer without altering the features of the NP isomers. The treatment of NP isomers with Pseudoxanthomonas sp. yielded degradation ratios ranging from 60.7 to 100%. At 0.001 g biochar treatment, the degradation of eight NP isomers was enhanced (except for NP₁₉₄ and NP_193a+b) due to their bulky structures. The degradation of the ten NP isomers was inhibited when 0.01 g biochar was added. These findings characterized the effects of biochar on NP isomer contaminants and provided basic information for the application of biochar for the remediation of NP isomer contaminants.