Polychlorinated dibenzo p-dioxins and dibenzofurans emissions in a primary copper smelter in China

Metallurgical production is the largest polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) emission source in China. However, PCDD/F monitoring and research are rarely conducted on primary metallurgical production. In this study, a demonstration primary copper smelter in China was selected to investigate PCDD/F characteristics and control. Samples were collected from major PCDD/F release points in the smelter process (fly ashes and waste water sludge). Specific analysis of PCDD/F congeners was carried out using a high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry method. The results showed that PCDD/Fs might be unintentionally produced in the primary copper smelter processes, with sample concentrations of 180–6110 pg/g dry wt; highly chlorinated PCDD/F homologues were predominant. The toxicity of all the samples was calculated to be 120 pg WHO TEQ/g, fly ashes from the refining process furnaces air pollution control device and sludge were hazardous waste with higher PCDD/F toxicity. Both precursor formation and de novo synthesis were found to contribute to PCDD/F formation in the smelter process. PCDD/F characteristics and formation were compared with reported secondary copper smelters. Life-cycle control of PCDD/F was proposed for retrofitting of this smelter and for similar plants in China's primary copper production sector, including control at the PCDD/F formation, removal and disposal stages.     

PCDD/Fs emission, risk characterization, and reduction in China’s secondary copper production industry

Secondary copper production is one of the key polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) emission sources in China, but research and data on this issue are rare. In 2004, when the Stockholm Convention entered into force in China, PCDD/Fs emissions from secondary copper production contributed to 32.2% of the total release. In this paper, PCDD/Fs emission dynamics from secondary copper industry were discussed and cumulative risks were characterized. From 2004 to 2009, industrial policies played an indirect role in PCDD/Fs reduction, but its effects are still limited. The Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and central regions were among the top three of dioxin emissions from secondary copper production in China. Shanghai, Shandong, Zhejiang, and Jiangxi had comparatively higher accumulated risk and were recommended as the priority regions for promoting PCDD/Fs emission control in China. From 2009 to 2015, the PCDD/Fs emission dynamics in the secondary copper industry were presented through simulation. PCDD/Fs emission equations were established, resulting in the recommendation of control technology conversion rate at 30% for small scale smelters and 51%–57% for large and medium-sized enterprises in 2015. In conclusion, both indirect policy and direct control technology retrofitting should be integrated for more effective PCDD/Fs emission reduction in secondary copper industry.     

基于GF-1 WFV影像和BP神经网络的太湖叶绿素a反演

叶绿素a浓度是可直接遥感反演的重要水质参数之一,常用来评价湖泊水体的富营养化程度.太湖是典型的二类水体,光学性质复杂,应用一类水体线性反演模式拟合较为片面且难以找到最佳拟合模型.BP神经网络模型具有模拟复杂非线性问题的功能.为研究高分一号卫星16m多光谱相机WFV4结合BP神经网络进行太湖叶绿素a浓度监测的可行性,实验利用GF-1 WFV4影像和实时的地面采样数据,建立了BP神经网络模型,同时采用波段比值经验模型进行对比.经精度检验,BP神经网络模型预测值与实测值之间的可决系数R2高达0.9680,而波段比值模型的R2为0.9541,且均方根误差RMSE由波段比值模型的18.7915降低为BP神经网络模型的7.6068,平均相对误差e也由波段比值模型的19.16%降低为BP神经网络模型的6.75%.结果证明,GF-1 WFV4影像应用BP神经网络模型反演太湖叶绿素a浓度较波段比值模型精度有所提高.将经过水体掩膜的GF-1 WFV4影像用于训练好的BP神经网络反演太湖叶绿素a浓度分布,结果显示,叶绿素a高浓度区集中分布在湖心区北部、竺山湾、梅梁湾区域,与之前的研究一致.本文研究结果验证了采用BP神经网络模型对GF-1 WFV4影像进行太湖叶绿素a浓度反演的可行性.     

Can collaborative innovation constrain ecological footprint? Empirical evidence from Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Collaborative innovation can promote scientific productivity and the development of clean technology and thus has a great potential in constraining...